# # Author: Travis Oliphant 2002-2011 with contributions from # SciPy Developers 2004-2011 # from functools import partial from scipy import special from scipy.special import entr, logsumexp, betaln, gammaln as gamln from scipy._lib._util import _lazywhere, rng_integers from numpy import floor, ceil, log, exp, sqrt, log1p, expm1, tanh, cosh, sinh import numpy as np from ._distn_infrastructure import ( rv_discrete, _ncx2_pdf, _ncx2_cdf, get_distribution_names) class binom_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A binomial discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The probability mass function for `binom` is: .. math:: f(k) = \binom{n}{k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k} for ``k`` in ``{0, 1,..., n}``. `binom` takes ``n`` and ``p`` as shape parameters. %(after_notes)s %(example)s """ def _rvs(self, n, p, size=None, random_state=None): return random_state.binomial(n, p, size) def _argcheck(self, n, p): return (n >= 0) & (p >= 0) & (p <= 1) def _get_support(self, n, p): return self.a, n def _logpmf(self, x, n, p): k = floor(x) combiln = (gamln(n+1) - (gamln(k+1) + gamln(n-k+1))) return combiln + special.xlogy(k, p) + special.xlog1py(n-k, -p) def _pmf(self, x, n, p): # binom.pmf(k) = choose(n, k) * p**k * (1-p)**(n-k) return exp(self._logpmf(x, n, p)) def _cdf(self, x, n, p): k = floor(x) vals = special.bdtr(k, n, p) return vals def _sf(self, x, n, p): k = floor(x) return special.bdtrc(k, n, p) def _ppf(self, q, n, p): vals = ceil(special.bdtrik(q, n, p)) vals1 = np.maximum(vals - 1, 0) temp = special.bdtr(vals1, n, p) return np.where(temp >= q, vals1, vals) def _stats(self, n, p, moments='mv'): q = 1.0 - p mu = n * p var = n * p * q g1, g2 = None, None if 's' in moments: g1 = (q - p) / sqrt(var) if 'k' in moments: g2 = (1.0 - 6*p*q) / var return mu, var, g1, g2 def _entropy(self, n, p): k = np.r_[0:n + 1] vals = self._pmf(k, n, p) return np.sum(entr(vals), axis=0) binom = binom_gen(name='binom') class bernoulli_gen(binom_gen): r"""A Bernoulli discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The probability mass function for `bernoulli` is: .. math:: f(k) = \begin{cases}1-p &\text{if } k = 0\\ p &\text{if } k = 1\end{cases} for :math:`k` in :math:`\{0, 1\}`. `bernoulli` takes :math:`p` as shape parameter. %(after_notes)s %(example)s """ def _rvs(self, p, size=None, random_state=None): return binom_gen._rvs(self, 1, p, size=size, random_state=random_state) def _argcheck(self, p): return (p >= 0) & (p <= 1) def _get_support(self, p): # Overrides binom_gen._get_support!x return self.a, self.b def _logpmf(self, x, p): return binom._logpmf(x, 1, p) def _pmf(self, x, p): # bernoulli.pmf(k) = 1-p if k = 0 # = p if k = 1 return binom._pmf(x, 1, p) def _cdf(self, x, p): return binom._cdf(x, 1, p) def _sf(self, x, p): return binom._sf(x, 1, p) def _ppf(self, q, p): return binom._ppf(q, 1, p) def _stats(self, p): return binom._stats(1, p) def _entropy(self, p): return entr(p) + entr(1-p) bernoulli = bernoulli_gen(b=1, name='bernoulli') class betabinom_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A beta-binomial discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The beta-binomial distribution is a binomial distribution with a probability of success `p` that follows a beta distribution. The probability mass function for `betabinom` is: .. math:: f(k) = \binom{n}{k} \frac{B(k + a, n - k + b)}{B(a, b)} for ``k`` in ``{0, 1,..., n}``, :math:`n \geq 0`, :math:`a > 0`, :math:`b > 0`, where :math:`B(a, b)` is the beta function. `betabinom` takes :math:`n`, :math:`a`, and :math:`b` as shape parameters. References ---------- .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-binomial_distribution %(after_notes)s .. versionadded:: 1.4.0 See Also -------- beta, binom %(example)s """ def _rvs(self, n, a, b, size=None, random_state=None): p = random_state.beta(a, b, size) return random_state.binomial(n, p, size) def _get_support(self, n, a, b): return 0, n def _argcheck(self, n, a, b): return (n >= 0) & (a > 0) & (b > 0) def _logpmf(self, x, n, a, b): k = floor(x) combiln = -log(n + 1) - betaln(n - k + 1, k + 1) return combiln + betaln(k + a, n - k + b) - betaln(a, b) def _pmf(self, x, n, a, b): return exp(self._logpmf(x, n, a, b)) def _stats(self, n, a, b, moments='mv'): e_p = a / (a + b) e_q = 1 - e_p mu = n * e_p var = n * (a + b + n) * e_p * e_q / (a + b + 1) g1, g2 = None, None if 's' in moments: g1 = 1.0 / sqrt(var) g1 *= (a + b + 2 * n) * (b - a) g1 /= (a + b + 2) * (a + b) if 'k' in moments: g2 = a + b g2 *= (a + b - 1 + 6 * n) g2 += 3 * a * b * (n - 2) g2 += 6 * n ** 2 g2 -= 3 * e_p * b * n * (6 - n) g2 -= 18 * e_p * e_q * n ** 2 g2 *= (a + b) ** 2 * (1 + a + b) g2 /= (n * a * b * (a + b + 2) * (a + b + 3) * (a + b + n)) g2 -= 3 return mu, var, g1, g2 betabinom = betabinom_gen(name='betabinom') class nbinom_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A negative binomial discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- Negative binomial distribution describes a sequence of i.i.d. Bernoulli trials, repeated until a predefined, non-random number of successes occurs. The probability mass function of the number of failures for `nbinom` is: .. math:: f(k) = \binom{k+n-1}{n-1} p^n (1-p)^k for :math:`k \ge 0`. `nbinom` takes :math:`n` and :math:`p` as shape parameters where n is the number of successes, whereas p is the probability of a single success. %(after_notes)s %(example)s """ def _rvs(self, n, p, size=None, random_state=None): return random_state.negative_binomial(n, p, size) def _argcheck(self, n, p): return (n > 0) & (p >= 0) & (p <= 1) def _pmf(self, x, n, p): # nbinom.pmf(k) = choose(k+n-1, n-1) * p**n * (1-p)**k return exp(self._logpmf(x, n, p)) def _logpmf(self, x, n, p): coeff = gamln(n+x) - gamln(x+1) - gamln(n) return coeff + n*log(p) + special.xlog1py(x, -p) def _cdf(self, x, n, p): k = floor(x) return special.betainc(n, k+1, p) def _sf_skip(self, x, n, p): # skip because special.nbdtrc doesn't work for 0= q, vals1, vals) def _stats(self, n, p): Q = 1.0 / p P = Q - 1.0 mu = n*P var = n*P*Q g1 = (Q+P)/sqrt(n*P*Q) g2 = (1.0 + 6*P*Q) / (n*P*Q) return mu, var, g1, g2 nbinom = nbinom_gen(name='nbinom') class geom_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A geometric discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The probability mass function for `geom` is: .. math:: f(k) = (1-p)^{k-1} p for :math:`k \ge 1`. `geom` takes :math:`p` as shape parameter. %(after_notes)s See Also -------- planck %(example)s """ def _rvs(self, p, size=None, random_state=None): return random_state.geometric(p, size=size) def _argcheck(self, p): return (p <= 1) & (p >= 0) def _pmf(self, k, p): return np.power(1-p, k-1) * p def _logpmf(self, k, p): return special.xlog1py(k - 1, -p) + log(p) def _cdf(self, x, p): k = floor(x) return -expm1(log1p(-p)*k) def _sf(self, x, p): return np.exp(self._logsf(x, p)) def _logsf(self, x, p): k = floor(x) return k*log1p(-p) def _ppf(self, q, p): vals = ceil(log1p(-q) / log1p(-p)) temp = self._cdf(vals-1, p) return np.where((temp >= q) & (vals > 0), vals-1, vals) def _stats(self, p): mu = 1.0/p qr = 1.0-p var = qr / p / p g1 = (2.0-p) / sqrt(qr) g2 = np.polyval([1, -6, 6], p)/(1.0-p) return mu, var, g1, g2 geom = geom_gen(a=1, name='geom', longname="A geometric") class hypergeom_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A hypergeometric discrete random variable. The hypergeometric distribution models drawing objects from a bin. `M` is the total number of objects, `n` is total number of Type I objects. The random variate represents the number of Type I objects in `N` drawn without replacement from the total population. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The symbols used to denote the shape parameters (`M`, `n`, and `N`) are not universally accepted. See the Examples for a clarification of the definitions used here. The probability mass function is defined as, .. math:: p(k, M, n, N) = \frac{\binom{n}{k} \binom{M - n}{N - k}} {\binom{M}{N}} for :math:`k \in [\max(0, N - M + n), \min(n, N)]`, where the binomial coefficients are defined as, .. math:: \binom{n}{k} \equiv \frac{n!}{k! (n - k)!}. %(after_notes)s Examples -------- >>> from scipy.stats import hypergeom >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt Suppose we have a collection of 20 animals, of which 7 are dogs. Then if we want to know the probability of finding a given number of dogs if we choose at random 12 of the 20 animals, we can initialize a frozen distribution and plot the probability mass function: >>> [M, n, N] = [20, 7, 12] >>> rv = hypergeom(M, n, N) >>> x = np.arange(0, n+1) >>> pmf_dogs = rv.pmf(x) >>> fig = plt.figure() >>> ax = fig.add_subplot(111) >>> ax.plot(x, pmf_dogs, 'bo') >>> ax.vlines(x, 0, pmf_dogs, lw=2) >>> ax.set_xlabel('# of dogs in our group of chosen animals') >>> ax.set_ylabel('hypergeom PMF') >>> plt.show() Instead of using a frozen distribution we can also use `hypergeom` methods directly. To for example obtain the cumulative distribution function, use: >>> prb = hypergeom.cdf(x, M, n, N) And to generate random numbers: >>> R = hypergeom.rvs(M, n, N, size=10) """ def _rvs(self, M, n, N, size=None, random_state=None): return random_state.hypergeometric(n, M-n, N, size=size) def _get_support(self, M, n, N): return np.maximum(N-(M-n), 0), np.minimum(n, N) def _argcheck(self, M, n, N): cond = (M > 0) & (n >= 0) & (N >= 0) cond &= (n <= M) & (N <= M) return cond def _logpmf(self, k, M, n, N): tot, good = M, n bad = tot - good result = (betaln(good+1, 1) + betaln(bad+1, 1) + betaln(tot-N+1, N+1) - betaln(k+1, good-k+1) - betaln(N-k+1, bad-N+k+1) - betaln(tot+1, 1)) return result def _pmf(self, k, M, n, N): # same as the following but numerically more precise # return comb(good, k) * comb(bad, N-k) / comb(tot, N) return exp(self._logpmf(k, M, n, N)) def _stats(self, M, n, N): # tot, good, sample_size = M, n, N # "wikipedia".replace('N', 'M').replace('n', 'N').replace('K', 'n') M, n, N = 1.*M, 1.*n, 1.*N m = M - n p = n/M mu = N*p var = m*n*N*(M - N)*1.0/(M*M*(M-1)) g1 = (m - n)*(M-2*N) / (M-2.0) * sqrt((M-1.0) / (m*n*N*(M-N))) g2 = M*(M+1) - 6.*N*(M-N) - 6.*n*m g2 *= (M-1)*M*M g2 += 6.*n*N*(M-N)*m*(5.*M-6) g2 /= n * N * (M-N) * m * (M-2.) * (M-3.) return mu, var, g1, g2 def _entropy(self, M, n, N): k = np.r_[N - (M - n):min(n, N) + 1] vals = self.pmf(k, M, n, N) return np.sum(entr(vals), axis=0) def _sf(self, k, M, n, N): # This for loop is needed because `k` can be an array. If that's the # case, the sf() method makes M, n and N arrays of the same shape. We # therefore unpack all inputs args, so we can do the manual # integration. res = [] for quant, tot, good, draw in zip(k, M, n, N): # Manual integration over probability mass function. More accurate # than integrate.quad. k2 = np.arange(quant + 1, draw + 1) res.append(np.sum(self._pmf(k2, tot, good, draw))) return np.asarray(res) def _logsf(self, k, M, n, N): res = [] for quant, tot, good, draw in zip(k, M, n, N): if (quant + 0.5) * (tot + 0.5) < (good - 0.5) * (draw - 0.5): # Less terms to sum if we calculate log(1-cdf) res.append(log1p(-exp(self.logcdf(quant, tot, good, draw)))) else: # Integration over probability mass function using logsumexp k2 = np.arange(quant + 1, draw + 1) res.append(logsumexp(self._logpmf(k2, tot, good, draw))) return np.asarray(res) def _logcdf(self, k, M, n, N): res = [] for quant, tot, good, draw in zip(k, M, n, N): if (quant + 0.5) * (tot + 0.5) > (good - 0.5) * (draw - 0.5): # Less terms to sum if we calculate log(1-sf) res.append(log1p(-exp(self.logsf(quant, tot, good, draw)))) else: # Integration over probability mass function using logsumexp k2 = np.arange(0, quant + 1) res.append(logsumexp(self._logpmf(k2, tot, good, draw))) return np.asarray(res) hypergeom = hypergeom_gen(name='hypergeom') # FIXME: Fails _cdfvec class logser_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A Logarithmic (Log-Series, Series) discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The probability mass function for `logser` is: .. math:: f(k) = - \frac{p^k}{k \log(1-p)} for :math:`k \ge 1`. `logser` takes :math:`p` as shape parameter. %(after_notes)s %(example)s """ def _rvs(self, p, size=None, random_state=None): # looks wrong for p>0.5, too few k=1 # trying to use generic is worse, no k=1 at all return random_state.logseries(p, size=size) def _argcheck(self, p): return (p > 0) & (p < 1) def _pmf(self, k, p): # logser.pmf(k) = - p**k / (k*log(1-p)) return -np.power(p, k) * 1.0 / k / special.log1p(-p) def _stats(self, p): r = special.log1p(-p) mu = p / (p - 1.0) / r mu2p = -p / r / (p - 1.0)**2 var = mu2p - mu*mu mu3p = -p / r * (1.0+p) / (1.0 - p)**3 mu3 = mu3p - 3*mu*mu2p + 2*mu**3 g1 = mu3 / np.power(var, 1.5) mu4p = -p / r * ( 1.0 / (p-1)**2 - 6*p / (p - 1)**3 + 6*p*p / (p-1)**4) mu4 = mu4p - 4*mu3p*mu + 6*mu2p*mu*mu - 3*mu**4 g2 = mu4 / var**2 - 3.0 return mu, var, g1, g2 logser = logser_gen(a=1, name='logser', longname='A logarithmic') class poisson_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A Poisson discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The probability mass function for `poisson` is: .. math:: f(k) = \exp(-\mu) \frac{\mu^k}{k!} for :math:`k \ge 0`. `poisson` takes :math:`\mu` as shape parameter. %(after_notes)s %(example)s """ # Override rv_discrete._argcheck to allow mu=0. def _argcheck(self, mu): return mu >= 0 def _rvs(self, mu, size=None, random_state=None): return random_state.poisson(mu, size) def _logpmf(self, k, mu): Pk = special.xlogy(k, mu) - gamln(k + 1) - mu return Pk def _pmf(self, k, mu): # poisson.pmf(k) = exp(-mu) * mu**k / k! return exp(self._logpmf(k, mu)) def _cdf(self, x, mu): k = floor(x) return special.pdtr(k, mu) def _sf(self, x, mu): k = floor(x) return special.pdtrc(k, mu) def _ppf(self, q, mu): vals = ceil(special.pdtrik(q, mu)) vals1 = np.maximum(vals - 1, 0) temp = special.pdtr(vals1, mu) return np.where(temp >= q, vals1, vals) def _stats(self, mu): var = mu tmp = np.asarray(mu) mu_nonzero = tmp > 0 g1 = _lazywhere(mu_nonzero, (tmp,), lambda x: sqrt(1.0/x), np.inf) g2 = _lazywhere(mu_nonzero, (tmp,), lambda x: 1.0/x, np.inf) return mu, var, g1, g2 poisson = poisson_gen(name="poisson", longname='A Poisson') class planck_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A Planck discrete exponential random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The probability mass function for `planck` is: .. math:: f(k) = (1-\exp(-\lambda)) \exp(-\lambda k) for :math:`k \ge 0` and :math:`\lambda > 0`. `planck` takes :math:`\lambda` as shape parameter. The Planck distribution can be written as a geometric distribution (`geom`) with :math:`p = 1 - \exp(-\lambda)` shifted by `loc = -1`. %(after_notes)s See Also -------- geom %(example)s """ def _argcheck(self, lambda_): return lambda_ > 0 def _pmf(self, k, lambda_): return -expm1(-lambda_)*exp(-lambda_*k) def _cdf(self, x, lambda_): k = floor(x) return -expm1(-lambda_*(k+1)) def _sf(self, x, lambda_): return exp(self._logsf(x, lambda_)) def _logsf(self, x, lambda_): k = floor(x) return -lambda_*(k+1) def _ppf(self, q, lambda_): vals = ceil(-1.0/lambda_ * log1p(-q)-1) vals1 = (vals-1).clip(*(self._get_support(lambda_))) temp = self._cdf(vals1, lambda_) return np.where(temp >= q, vals1, vals) def _rvs(self, lambda_, size=None, random_state=None): # use relation to geometric distribution for sampling p = -expm1(-lambda_) return random_state.geometric(p, size=size) - 1.0 def _stats(self, lambda_): mu = 1/expm1(lambda_) var = exp(-lambda_)/(expm1(-lambda_))**2 g1 = 2*cosh(lambda_/2.0) g2 = 4+2*cosh(lambda_) return mu, var, g1, g2 def _entropy(self, lambda_): C = -expm1(-lambda_) return lambda_*exp(-lambda_)/C - log(C) planck = planck_gen(a=0, name='planck', longname='A discrete exponential ') class boltzmann_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A Boltzmann (Truncated Discrete Exponential) random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The probability mass function for `boltzmann` is: .. math:: f(k) = (1-\exp(-\lambda)) \exp(-\lambda k) / (1-\exp(-\lambda N)) for :math:`k = 0,..., N-1`. `boltzmann` takes :math:`\lambda > 0` and :math:`N > 0` as shape parameters. %(after_notes)s %(example)s """ def _argcheck(self, lambda_, N): return (lambda_ > 0) & (N > 0) def _get_support(self, lambda_, N): return self.a, N - 1 def _pmf(self, k, lambda_, N): # boltzmann.pmf(k) = # (1-exp(-lambda_)*exp(-lambda_*k)/(1-exp(-lambda_*N)) fact = (1-exp(-lambda_))/(1-exp(-lambda_*N)) return fact*exp(-lambda_*k) def _cdf(self, x, lambda_, N): k = floor(x) return (1-exp(-lambda_*(k+1)))/(1-exp(-lambda_*N)) def _ppf(self, q, lambda_, N): qnew = q*(1-exp(-lambda_*N)) vals = ceil(-1.0/lambda_ * log(1-qnew)-1) vals1 = (vals-1).clip(0.0, np.inf) temp = self._cdf(vals1, lambda_, N) return np.where(temp >= q, vals1, vals) def _stats(self, lambda_, N): z = exp(-lambda_) zN = exp(-lambda_*N) mu = z/(1.0-z)-N*zN/(1-zN) var = z/(1.0-z)**2 - N*N*zN/(1-zN)**2 trm = (1-zN)/(1-z) trm2 = (z*trm**2 - N*N*zN) g1 = z*(1+z)*trm**3 - N**3*zN*(1+zN) g1 = g1 / trm2**(1.5) g2 = z*(1+4*z+z*z)*trm**4 - N**4 * zN*(1+4*zN+zN*zN) g2 = g2 / trm2 / trm2 return mu, var, g1, g2 boltzmann = boltzmann_gen(name='boltzmann', a=0, longname='A truncated discrete exponential ') class randint_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A uniform discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The probability mass function for `randint` is: .. math:: f(k) = \frac{1}{high - low} for ``k = low, ..., high - 1``. `randint` takes ``low`` and ``high`` as shape parameters. %(after_notes)s %(example)s """ def _argcheck(self, low, high): return (high > low) def _get_support(self, low, high): return low, high-1 def _pmf(self, k, low, high): # randint.pmf(k) = 1./(high - low) p = np.ones_like(k) / (high - low) return np.where((k >= low) & (k < high), p, 0.) def _cdf(self, x, low, high): k = floor(x) return (k - low + 1.) / (high - low) def _ppf(self, q, low, high): vals = ceil(q * (high - low) + low) - 1 vals1 = (vals - 1).clip(low, high) temp = self._cdf(vals1, low, high) return np.where(temp >= q, vals1, vals) def _stats(self, low, high): m2, m1 = np.asarray(high), np.asarray(low) mu = (m2 + m1 - 1.0) / 2 d = m2 - m1 var = (d*d - 1) / 12.0 g1 = 0.0 g2 = -6.0/5.0 * (d*d + 1.0) / (d*d - 1.0) return mu, var, g1, g2 def _rvs(self, low, high, size=None, random_state=None): """An array of *size* random integers >= ``low`` and < ``high``.""" if np.asarray(low).size == 1 and np.asarray(high).size == 1: # no need to vectorize in that case return rng_integers(random_state, low, high, size=size) if size is not None: # NumPy's RandomState.randint() doesn't broadcast its arguments. # Use `broadcast_to()` to extend the shapes of low and high # up to size. Then we can use the numpy.vectorize'd # randint without needing to pass it a `size` argument. low = np.broadcast_to(low, size) high = np.broadcast_to(high, size) randint = np.vectorize(partial(rng_integers, random_state), otypes=[np.int_]) return randint(low, high) def _entropy(self, low, high): return log(high - low) randint = randint_gen(name='randint', longname='A discrete uniform ' '(random integer)') # FIXME: problems sampling. class zipf_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A Zipf discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The probability mass function for `zipf` is: .. math:: f(k, a) = \frac{1}{\zeta(a) k^a} for :math:`k \ge 1`. `zipf` takes :math:`a` as shape parameter. :math:`\zeta` is the Riemann zeta function (`scipy.special.zeta`) %(after_notes)s %(example)s """ def _rvs(self, a, size=None, random_state=None): return random_state.zipf(a, size=size) def _argcheck(self, a): return a > 1 def _pmf(self, k, a): # zipf.pmf(k, a) = 1/(zeta(a) * k**a) Pk = 1.0 / special.zeta(a, 1) / k**a return Pk def _munp(self, n, a): return _lazywhere( a > n + 1, (a, n), lambda a, n: special.zeta(a - n, 1) / special.zeta(a, 1), np.inf) zipf = zipf_gen(a=1, name='zipf', longname='A Zipf') class dlaplace_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A Laplacian discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The probability mass function for `dlaplace` is: .. math:: f(k) = \tanh(a/2) \exp(-a |k|) for integers :math:`k` and :math:`a > 0`. `dlaplace` takes :math:`a` as shape parameter. %(after_notes)s %(example)s """ def _pmf(self, k, a): # dlaplace.pmf(k) = tanh(a/2) * exp(-a*abs(k)) return tanh(a/2.0) * exp(-a * abs(k)) def _cdf(self, x, a): k = floor(x) f = lambda k, a: 1.0 - exp(-a * k) / (exp(a) + 1) f2 = lambda k, a: exp(a * (k+1)) / (exp(a) + 1) return _lazywhere(k >= 0, (k, a), f=f, f2=f2) def _ppf(self, q, a): const = 1 + exp(a) vals = ceil(np.where(q < 1.0 / (1 + exp(-a)), log(q*const) / a - 1, -log((1-q) * const) / a)) vals1 = vals - 1 return np.where(self._cdf(vals1, a) >= q, vals1, vals) def _stats(self, a): ea = exp(a) mu2 = 2.*ea/(ea-1.)**2 mu4 = 2.*ea*(ea**2+10.*ea+1.) / (ea-1.)**4 return 0., mu2, 0., mu4/mu2**2 - 3. def _entropy(self, a): return a / sinh(a) - log(tanh(a/2.0)) def _rvs(self, a, size=None, random_state=None): # The discrete Laplace is equivalent to the two-sided geometric # distribution with PMF: # f(k) = (1 - alpha)/(1 + alpha) * alpha^abs(k) # Reference: # https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ # article/abs/pii/S0378375804003519 # Furthermore, the two-sided geometric distribution is # equivalent to the difference between two iid geometric # distributions. # Reference (page 179): # https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/61b3/ # b99f466815808fd0d03f5d2791eea8b541a1.pdf # Thus, we can leverage the following: # 1) alpha = e^-a # 2) probability_of_success = 1 - alpha (Bernoulli trial) probOfSuccess = -np.expm1(-np.asarray(a)) x = random_state.geometric(probOfSuccess, size=size) y = random_state.geometric(probOfSuccess, size=size) return x - y dlaplace = dlaplace_gen(a=-np.inf, name='dlaplace', longname='A discrete Laplacian') class skellam_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A Skellam discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- Probability distribution of the difference of two correlated or uncorrelated Poisson random variables. Let :math:`k_1` and :math:`k_2` be two Poisson-distributed r.v. with expected values :math:`\lambda_1` and :math:`\lambda_2`. Then, :math:`k_1 - k_2` follows a Skellam distribution with parameters :math:`\mu_1 = \lambda_1 - \rho \sqrt{\lambda_1 \lambda_2}` and :math:`\mu_2 = \lambda_2 - \rho \sqrt{\lambda_1 \lambda_2}`, where :math:`\rho` is the correlation coefficient between :math:`k_1` and :math:`k_2`. If the two Poisson-distributed r.v. are independent then :math:`\rho = 0`. Parameters :math:`\mu_1` and :math:`\mu_2` must be strictly positive. For details see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellam_distribution `skellam` takes :math:`\mu_1` and :math:`\mu_2` as shape parameters. %(after_notes)s %(example)s """ def _rvs(self, mu1, mu2, size=None, random_state=None): n = size return (random_state.poisson(mu1, n) - random_state.poisson(mu2, n)) def _pmf(self, x, mu1, mu2): px = np.where(x < 0, _ncx2_pdf(2*mu2, 2*(1-x), 2*mu1)*2, _ncx2_pdf(2*mu1, 2*(1+x), 2*mu2)*2) # ncx2.pdf() returns nan's for extremely low probabilities return px def _cdf(self, x, mu1, mu2): x = floor(x) px = np.where(x < 0, _ncx2_cdf(2*mu2, -2*x, 2*mu1), 1 - _ncx2_cdf(2*mu1, 2*(x+1), 2*mu2)) return px def _stats(self, mu1, mu2): mean = mu1 - mu2 var = mu1 + mu2 g1 = mean / sqrt((var)**3) g2 = 1 / var return mean, var, g1, g2 skellam = skellam_gen(a=-np.inf, name="skellam", longname='A Skellam') class yulesimon_gen(rv_discrete): r"""A Yule-Simon discrete random variable. %(before_notes)s Notes ----- The probability mass function for the `yulesimon` is: .. math:: f(k) = \alpha B(k, \alpha+1) for :math:`k=1,2,3,...`, where :math:`\alpha>0`. Here :math:`B` refers to the `scipy.special.beta` function. The sampling of random variates is based on pg 553, Section 6.3 of [1]_. Our notation maps to the referenced logic via :math:`\alpha=a-1`. For details see the wikipedia entry [2]_. References ---------- .. [1] Devroye, Luc. "Non-uniform Random Variate Generation", (1986) Springer, New York. .. [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule-Simon_distribution %(after_notes)s %(example)s """ def _rvs(self, alpha, size=None, random_state=None): E1 = random_state.standard_exponential(size) E2 = random_state.standard_exponential(size) ans = ceil(-E1 / log1p(-exp(-E2 / alpha))) return ans def _pmf(self, x, alpha): return alpha * special.beta(x, alpha + 1) def _argcheck(self, alpha): return (alpha > 0) def _logpmf(self, x, alpha): return log(alpha) + special.betaln(x, alpha + 1) def _cdf(self, x, alpha): return 1 - x * special.beta(x, alpha + 1) def _sf(self, x, alpha): return x * special.beta(x, alpha + 1) def _logsf(self, x, alpha): return log(x) + special.betaln(x, alpha + 1) def _stats(self, alpha): mu = np.where(alpha <= 1, np.inf, alpha / (alpha - 1)) mu2 = np.where(alpha > 2, alpha**2 / ((alpha - 2.0) * (alpha - 1)**2), np.inf) mu2 = np.where(alpha <= 1, np.nan, mu2) g1 = np.where(alpha > 3, sqrt(alpha - 2) * (alpha + 1)**2 / (alpha * (alpha - 3)), np.inf) g1 = np.where(alpha <= 2, np.nan, g1) g2 = np.where(alpha > 4, (alpha + 3) + (alpha**3 - 49 * alpha - 22) / (alpha * (alpha - 4) * (alpha - 3)), np.inf) g2 = np.where(alpha <= 2, np.nan, g2) return mu, mu2, g1, g2 yulesimon = yulesimon_gen(name='yulesimon', a=1) # Collect names of classes and objects in this module. pairs = list(globals().items()) _distn_names, _distn_gen_names = get_distribution_names(pairs, rv_discrete) __all__ = _distn_names + _distn_gen_names