Fixed database typo and removed unnecessary class identifier.

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (c) 2014-2020, imageio contributors
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+# This docstring is used at the index of the documentation pages, and
+# gets inserted into a slightly larger description (in setup.py) for
+# the page on Pypi:
+"""
+Imageio is a Python library that provides an easy interface to read and
+write a wide range of image data, including animated images, volumetric
+data, and scientific formats. It is cross-platform, runs on Python 3.5+,
+and is easy to install.
+
+Main website: https://imageio.github.io
+"""
+
+# flake8: noqa
+
+__version__ = "2.9.0"
+
+# Load some bits from core
+from .core import FormatManager, RETURN_BYTES
+
+# Instantiate format manager
+formats = FormatManager()
+
+# Load the functions
+from .core.functions import help
+from .core.functions import get_reader, get_writer
+from .core.functions import imread, mimread, volread, mvolread
+from .core.functions import imwrite, mimwrite, volwrite, mvolwrite
+
+# Load function aliases
+from .core.functions import read, save
+from .core.functions import imsave, mimsave, volsave, mvolsave
+
+# Load all the plugins
+from . import plugins
+
+# expose the show method of formats
+show_formats = formats.show
+
+# Clean up some names
+del FormatManager

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/__main__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+"""
+Console scripts and associated helper methods for imageio.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import os
+from os import path as op
+import shutil
+import sys
+
+
+from . import plugins
+from .core import util
+
+# A list of plugins that require binaries from the imageio-binaries
+# repository. These plugins must implement the `download` method.
+PLUGINS_WITH_BINARIES = ["freeimage"]
+
+
+def download_bin(plugin_names=["all"], package_dir=False):
+    """ Download binary dependencies of plugins
+
+    This is a convenience method for downloading the binaries
+    (e.g. for freeimage) from the imageio-binaries
+    repository.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    plugin_names: list
+        A list of imageio plugin names. If it contains "all", all
+        binary dependencies are downloaded.
+    package_dir: bool
+        If set to `True`, the binaries will be downloaded to the
+        `resources` directory of the imageio package instead of
+        to the users application data directory. Note that this
+        might require administrative rights if imageio is installed
+        in a system directory.
+    """
+    if plugin_names.count("all"):
+        # Use all plugins
+        plugin_names = PLUGINS_WITH_BINARIES
+
+    plugin_names.sort()
+    print("Ascertaining binaries for: {}.".format(", ".join(plugin_names)))
+
+    if package_dir:
+        # Download the binaries to the `resources` directory
+        # of imageio. If imageio comes as an .egg, then a cache
+        # directory will be created by pkg_resources (requires setuptools).
+        # see `imageio.core.util.resource_dirs`
+        # and `imageio.core.utilresource_package_dir`
+        directory = util.resource_package_dir()
+    else:
+        directory = None
+
+    for plg in plugin_names:
+        if plg not in PLUGINS_WITH_BINARIES:
+            msg = "Plugin {} not registered for binary download!".format(plg)
+            raise Exception(msg)
+        mod = getattr(plugins, plg)
+        mod.download(directory=directory)
+
+
+def download_bin_main():
+    """ Argument-parsing wrapper for `download_bin` """
+    description = "Download plugin binary dependencies"
+    phelp = (
+        "Plugin name for which to download the binary. "
+        + "If no argument is given, all binaries are downloaded."
+    )
+    dhelp = (
+        "Download the binaries to the package directory "
+        + "(default is the users application data directory). "
+        + "This might require administrative rights."
+    )
+    example_text = (
+        "examples:\n"
+        + "  imageio_download_bin all\n"
+        + "  imageio_download_bin freeimage\n"
+    )
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description=description,
+        epilog=example_text,
+        formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("plugin", type=str, nargs="*", default="all", help=phelp)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--package-dir",
+        dest="package_dir",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help=dhelp,
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    download_bin(plugin_names=args.plugin, package_dir=args.package_dir)
+
+
+def remove_bin(plugin_names=["all"]):
+    """ Remove binary dependencies of plugins
+
+    This is a convenience method that removes all binaries
+    dependencies for plugins downloaded by imageio.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    It only makes sense to use this method if the binaries
+    are corrupt.
+    """
+    if plugin_names.count("all"):
+        # Use all plugins
+        plugin_names = PLUGINS_WITH_BINARIES
+
+    print("Removing binaries for: {}.".format(", ".join(plugin_names)))
+
+    rdirs = util.resource_dirs()
+
+    for plg in plugin_names:
+        if plg not in PLUGINS_WITH_BINARIES:
+            msg = "Plugin {} not registered for binary download!".format(plg)
+            raise Exception(msg)
+
+    not_removed = []
+    for rd in rdirs:
+        # plugin name is in subdirectories
+        for rsub in os.listdir(rd):
+            if rsub in plugin_names:
+                plgdir = op.join(rd, rsub)
+                try:
+                    shutil.rmtree(plgdir)
+                except Exception:
+                    not_removed.append(plgdir)
+    if not_removed:
+        nrs = ",".join(not_removed)
+        msg2 = (
+            "These plugins files could not be removed: {}\n".format(nrs)
+            + "Make sure they are not used by any program and try again."
+        )
+        raise Exception(msg2)
+
+
+def remove_bin_main():
+    """ Argument-parsing wrapper for `remove_bin` """
+    description = "Remove plugin binary dependencies"
+    phelp = (
+        "Plugin name for which to remove the binary. "
+        + "If no argument is given, all binaries are removed."
+    )
+    example_text = (
+        "examples:\n"
+        + "  imageio_remove_bin all\n"
+        + "  imageio_remove_bin freeimage\n"
+    )
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description=description,
+        epilog=example_text,
+        formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("plugin", type=str, nargs="*", default="all", help=phelp)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    remove_bin(plugin_names=args.plugin)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "download_bin":
+        download_bin_main()
+    elif len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "remove_bin":
+        remove_bin_main()
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError("Invalid use of the imageio CLI")

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/core/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Distributed under the (new) BSD License. See LICENSE.txt for more info.
+
+""" This subpackage provides the core functionality of imageio
+(everything but the plugins).
+"""
+
+# flake8: noqa
+
+from .util import Image, Array, Dict, asarray, image_as_uint, urlopen
+from .util import BaseProgressIndicator, StdoutProgressIndicator, IS_PYPY
+from .util import get_platform, appdata_dir, resource_dirs, has_module
+from .findlib import load_lib
+from .fetching import get_remote_file, InternetNotAllowedError, NeedDownloadError
+from .request import Request, read_n_bytes, RETURN_BYTES
+from .format import Format, FormatManager

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/core/fetching.py

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Based on code from the vispy project
+# Distributed under the (new) BSD License. See LICENSE.txt for more info.
+
+"""Data downloading and reading functions
+"""
+
+from math import log
+import os
+from os import path as op
+import sys
+import shutil
+import time
+
+from . import appdata_dir, resource_dirs
+from . import StdoutProgressIndicator, urlopen
+
+
+class InternetNotAllowedError(IOError):
+    """ Plugins that need resources can just use get_remote_file(), but
+    should catch this error and silently ignore it.
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NeedDownloadError(IOError):
+    """ Is raised when a remote file is requested that is not locally
+    available, but which needs to be explicitly downloaded by the user.
+    """
+
+
+def get_remote_file(fname, directory=None, force_download=False, auto=True):
+    """ Get a the filename for the local version of a file from the web
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fname : str
+        The relative filename on the remote data repository to download.
+        These correspond to paths on
+        ``https://github.com/imageio/imageio-binaries/``.
+    directory : str | None
+        The directory where the file will be cached if a download was
+        required to obtain the file. By default, the appdata directory
+        is used. This is also the first directory that is checked for
+        a local version of the file. If the directory does not exist,
+        it will be created.
+    force_download : bool | str
+        If True, the file will be downloaded even if a local copy exists
+        (and this copy will be overwritten). Can also be a YYYY-MM-DD date
+        to ensure a file is up-to-date (modified date of a file on disk,
+        if present, is checked).
+    auto : bool
+        Whether to auto-download the file if its not present locally. Default
+        True. If False and a download is needed, raises NeedDownloadError.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fname : str
+        The path to the file on the local system.
+    """
+    _url_root = "https://github.com/imageio/imageio-binaries/raw/master/"
+    url = _url_root + fname
+    nfname = op.normcase(fname)  # convert to native
+    # Get dirs to look for the resource
+    given_directory = directory
+    directory = given_directory or appdata_dir("imageio")
+    dirs = resource_dirs()
+    dirs.insert(0, directory)  # Given dir has preference
+    # Try to find the resource locally
+    for dir in dirs:
+        filename = op.join(dir, nfname)
+        if op.isfile(filename):
+            if not force_download:  # we're done
+                if given_directory and given_directory != dir:
+                    filename2 = os.path.join(given_directory, nfname)
+                    # Make sure the output directory exists
+                    if not op.isdir(op.dirname(filename2)):
+                        os.makedirs(op.abspath(op.dirname(filename2)))
+                    shutil.copy(filename, filename2)
+                    return filename2
+                return filename
+            if isinstance(force_download, str):
+                ntime = time.strptime(force_download, "%Y-%m-%d")
+                ftime = time.gmtime(op.getctime(filename))
+                if ftime >= ntime:
+                    if given_directory and given_directory != dir:
+                        filename2 = os.path.join(given_directory, nfname)
+                        # Make sure the output directory exists
+                        if not op.isdir(op.dirname(filename2)):
+                            os.makedirs(op.abspath(op.dirname(filename2)))
+                        shutil.copy(filename, filename2)
+                        return filename2
+                    return filename
+                else:
+                    print("File older than %s, updating..." % force_download)
+                    break
+
+    # If we get here, we're going to try to download the file
+    if os.getenv("IMAGEIO_NO_INTERNET", "").lower() in ("1", "true", "yes"):
+        raise InternetNotAllowedError(
+            "Will not download resource from the "
+            "internet because environment variable "
+            "IMAGEIO_NO_INTERNET is set."
+        )
+
+    # Can we proceed with auto-download?
+    if not auto:
+        raise NeedDownloadError()
+
+    # Get filename to store to and make sure the dir exists
+    filename = op.join(directory, nfname)
+    if not op.isdir(op.dirname(filename)):
+        os.makedirs(op.abspath(op.dirname(filename)))
+    # let's go get the file
+    if os.getenv("CONTINUOUS_INTEGRATION", False):  # pragma: no cover
+        # On Travis, we retry a few times ...
+        for i in range(2):
+            try:
+                _fetch_file(url, filename)
+                return filename
+            except IOError:
+                time.sleep(0.5)
+        else:
+            _fetch_file(url, filename)
+            return filename
+    else:  # pragma: no cover
+        _fetch_file(url, filename)
+        return filename
+
+
+def _fetch_file(url, file_name, print_destination=True):
+    """Load requested file, downloading it if needed or requested
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    url: string
+        The url of file to be downloaded.
+    file_name: string
+        Name, along with the path, of where downloaded file will be saved.
+    print_destination: bool, optional
+        If true, destination of where file was saved will be printed after
+        download finishes.
+    resume: bool, optional
+        If true, try to resume partially downloaded files.
+    """
+    # Adapted from NISL:
+    # https://github.com/nisl/tutorial/blob/master/nisl/datasets.py
+
+    print(
+        "Imageio: %r was not found on your computer; "
+        "downloading it now." % os.path.basename(file_name)
+    )
+
+    temp_file_name = file_name + ".part"
+    local_file = None
+    initial_size = 0
+    errors = []
+    for tries in range(4):
+        try:
+            # Checking file size and displaying it alongside the download url
+            remote_file = urlopen(url, timeout=5.0)
+            file_size = int(remote_file.headers["Content-Length"].strip())
+            size_str = _sizeof_fmt(file_size)
+            print("Try %i. Download from %s (%s)" % (tries + 1, url, size_str))
+            # Downloading data (can be extended to resume if need be)
+            local_file = open(temp_file_name, "wb")
+            _chunk_read(remote_file, local_file, initial_size=initial_size)
+            # temp file must be closed prior to the move
+            if not local_file.closed:
+                local_file.close()
+            shutil.move(temp_file_name, file_name)
+            if print_destination is True:
+                sys.stdout.write("File saved as %s.\n" % file_name)
+            break
+        except Exception as e:
+            errors.append(e)
+            print("Error while fetching file: %s." % str(e))
+        finally:
+            if local_file is not None:
+                if not local_file.closed:
+                    local_file.close()
+    else:
+        raise IOError(
+            "Unable to download %r. Perhaps there is a no internet "
+            "connection? If there is, please report this problem."
+            % os.path.basename(file_name)
+        )
+
+
+def _chunk_read(response, local_file, chunk_size=8192, initial_size=0):
+    """Download a file chunk by chunk and show advancement
+
+    Can also be used when resuming downloads over http.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    response: urllib.response.addinfourl
+        Response to the download request in order to get file size.
+    local_file: file
+        Hard disk file where data should be written.
+    chunk_size: integer, optional
+        Size of downloaded chunks. Default: 8192
+    initial_size: int, optional
+        If resuming, indicate the initial size of the file.
+    """
+    # Adapted from NISL:
+    # https://github.com/nisl/tutorial/blob/master/nisl/datasets.py
+
+    bytes_so_far = initial_size
+    # Returns only amount left to download when resuming, not the size of the
+    # entire file
+    total_size = int(response.headers["Content-Length"].strip())
+    total_size += initial_size
+
+    progress = StdoutProgressIndicator("Downloading")
+    progress.start("", "bytes", total_size)
+
+    while True:
+        chunk = response.read(chunk_size)
+        bytes_so_far += len(chunk)
+        if not chunk:
+            break
+        _chunk_write(chunk, local_file, progress)
+    progress.finish("Done")
+
+
+def _chunk_write(chunk, local_file, progress):
+    """Write a chunk to file and update the progress bar"""
+    local_file.write(chunk)
+    progress.increase_progress(len(chunk))
+    time.sleep(0)  # Give other threads a chance, e.g. those that handle stdout pipes
+
+
+def _sizeof_fmt(num):
+    """Turn number of bytes into human-readable str"""
+    units = ["bytes", "kB", "MB", "GB", "TB", "PB"]
+    decimals = [0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2]
+    """Human friendly file size"""
+    if num > 1:
+        exponent = min(int(log(num, 1024)), len(units) - 1)
+        quotient = float(num) / 1024 ** exponent
+        unit = units[exponent]
+        num_decimals = decimals[exponent]
+        format_string = "{0:.%sf} {1}" % num_decimals
+        return format_string.format(quotient, unit)
+    return "0 bytes" if num == 0 else "1 byte"

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/core/findlib.py

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (c) 2015-1018, imageio contributors
+# Copyright (C) 2013, Zach Pincus, Almar Klein and others
+
+""" This module contains generic code to find and load a dynamic library.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import ctypes
+
+
+LOCALDIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+# Flag that can be patched / set to True to disable loading non-system libs
+SYSTEM_LIBS_ONLY = False
+
+
+def looks_lib(fname):
+    """ Returns True if the given filename looks like a dynamic library.
+    Based on extension, but cross-platform and more flexible.
+    """
+    fname = fname.lower()
+    if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+        return fname.endswith(".dll")
+    elif sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+        return fname.endswith(".dylib")
+    else:
+        return fname.endswith(".so") or ".so." in fname
+
+
+def generate_candidate_libs(lib_names, lib_dirs=None):
+    """ Generate a list of candidate filenames of what might be the dynamic
+    library corresponding with the given list of names.
+    Returns (lib_dirs, lib_paths)
+    """
+    lib_dirs = lib_dirs or []
+
+    # Get system dirs to search
+    sys_lib_dirs = [
+        "/lib",
+        "/usr/lib",
+        "/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu",
+        "/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu",
+        "/usr/local/lib",
+        "/opt/local/lib",
+    ]
+
+    # Get Python dirs to search (shared if for Pyzo)
+    py_sub_dirs = ["lib", "DLLs", "Library/bin", "shared"]
+    py_lib_dirs = [os.path.join(sys.prefix, d) for d in py_sub_dirs]
+    if hasattr(sys, "base_prefix"):
+        py_lib_dirs += [os.path.join(sys.base_prefix, d) for d in py_sub_dirs]
+
+    # Get user dirs to search (i.e. HOME)
+    home_dir = os.path.expanduser("~")
+    user_lib_dirs = [os.path.join(home_dir, d) for d in ["lib"]]
+
+    # Select only the dirs for which a directory exists, and remove duplicates
+    potential_lib_dirs = lib_dirs + sys_lib_dirs + py_lib_dirs + user_lib_dirs
+    lib_dirs = []
+    for ld in potential_lib_dirs:
+        if os.path.isdir(ld) and ld not in lib_dirs:
+            lib_dirs.append(ld)
+
+    # Now attempt to find libraries of that name in the given directory
+    # (case-insensitive)
+    lib_paths = []
+    for lib_dir in lib_dirs:
+        # Get files, prefer short names, last version
+        files = os.listdir(lib_dir)
+        files = reversed(sorted(files))
+        files = sorted(files, key=len)
+        for lib_name in lib_names:
+            # Test all filenames for name and ext
+            for fname in files:
+                if fname.lower().startswith(lib_name) and looks_lib(fname):
+                    lib_paths.append(os.path.join(lib_dir, fname))
+
+    # Return (only the items which are files)
+    lib_paths = [lp for lp in lib_paths if os.path.isfile(lp)]
+    return lib_dirs, lib_paths
+
+
+def load_lib(exact_lib_names, lib_names, lib_dirs=None):
+    """ load_lib(exact_lib_names, lib_names, lib_dirs=None)
+
+    Load a dynamic library.
+
+    This function first tries to load the library from the given exact
+    names. When that fails, it tries to find the library in common
+    locations. It searches for files that start with one of the names
+    given in lib_names (case insensitive). The search is performed in
+    the given lib_dirs and a set of common library dirs.
+
+    Returns ``(ctypes_library, library_path)``
+    """
+
+    # Checks
+    assert isinstance(exact_lib_names, list)
+    assert isinstance(lib_names, list)
+    if lib_dirs is not None:
+        assert isinstance(lib_dirs, list)
+    exact_lib_names = [n for n in exact_lib_names if n]
+    lib_names = [n for n in lib_names if n]
+
+    # Get reference name (for better messages)
+    if lib_names:
+        the_lib_name = lib_names[0]
+    elif exact_lib_names:
+        the_lib_name = exact_lib_names[0]
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("No library name given.")
+
+    # Collect filenames of potential libraries
+    # First try a few bare library names that ctypes might be able to find
+    # in the default locations for each platform.
+    if SYSTEM_LIBS_ONLY:
+        lib_dirs, lib_paths = [], []
+    else:
+        lib_dirs, lib_paths = generate_candidate_libs(lib_names, lib_dirs)
+    lib_paths = exact_lib_names + lib_paths
+
+    # Select loader
+    if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+        loader = ctypes.windll
+    else:
+        loader = ctypes.cdll
+
+    # Try to load until success
+    the_lib = None
+    errors = []
+    for fname in lib_paths:
+        try:
+            the_lib = loader.LoadLibrary(fname)
+            break
+        except Exception as err:
+            # Don't record errors when it couldn't load the library from an
+            # exact name -- this fails often, and doesn't provide any useful
+            # debugging information anyway, beyond "couldn't find library..."
+            if fname not in exact_lib_names:
+                errors.append((fname, err))
+
+    # No success ...
+    if the_lib is None:
+        if errors:
+            # No library loaded, and load-errors reported for some
+            # candidate libs
+            err_txt = ["%s:\n%s" % (l, str(e)) for l, e in errors]
+            msg = (
+                "One or more %s libraries were found, but "
+                + "could not be loaded due to the following errors:\n%s"
+            )
+            raise OSError(msg % (the_lib_name, "\n\n".join(err_txt)))
+        else:
+            # No errors, because no potential libraries found at all!
+            msg = "Could not find a %s library in any of:\n%s"
+            raise OSError(msg % (the_lib_name, "\n".join(lib_dirs)))
+
+    # Done
+    return the_lib, fname

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/core/format.py

@@ -0,0 +1,735 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" 
+
+.. note::
+    imageio is under construction, some details with regard to the 
+    Reader and Writer classes may change. 
+
+These are the main classes of imageio. They expose an interface for
+advanced users and plugin developers. A brief overview:
+  
+  * imageio.FormatManager - for keeping track of registered formats.
+  * imageio.Format - representation of a file format reader/writer
+  * imageio.Format.Reader - object used during the reading of a file.
+  * imageio.Format.Writer - object used during saving a file.
+  * imageio.Request - used to store the filename and other info.
+
+Plugins need to implement a Format class and register
+a format object using ``imageio.formats.add_format()``.
+
+"""
+
+# todo: do we even use the known extensions?
+
+# Some notes:
+#
+# The classes in this module use the Request object to pass filename and
+# related info around. This request object is instantiated in
+# imageio.get_reader and imageio.get_writer.
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from . import Array, asarray
+
+
+MODENAMES = {
+    "i": "single-image",
+    "I": "multi-image",
+    "v": "single-volume",
+    "V": "multi-volume",
+    "?": "any-mode",
+}
+
+
+class Format(object):
+    """ Represents an implementation to read/write a particular file format
+    
+    A format instance is responsible for 1) providing information about
+    a format; 2) determining whether a certain file can be read/written
+    with this format; 3) providing a reader/writer class.
+    
+    Generally, imageio will select the right format and use that to
+    read/write an image. A format can also be explicitly chosen in all
+    read/write functions. Use ``print(format)``, or ``help(format_name)``
+    to see its documentation.
+    
+    To implement a specific format, one should create a subclass of
+    Format and the Format.Reader and Format.Writer classes. see
+    :doc:`plugins` for details.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    name : str
+        A short name of this format. Users can select a format using its name.
+    description : str
+        A one-line description of the format.
+    extensions : str | list | None
+        List of filename extensions that this format supports. If a
+        string is passed it should be space or comma separated. The
+        extensions are used in the documentation and to allow users to
+        select a format by file extension. It is not used to determine
+        what format to use for reading/saving a file.
+    modes : str
+        A string containing the modes that this format can handle ('iIvV'),
+        “i” for an image, “I” for multiple images, “v” for a volume,
+        “V” for multiple volumes.
+        This attribute is used in the documentation and to select the
+        formats when reading/saving a file.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, description, extensions=None, modes=None):
+
+        # Store name and description
+        self._name = name.upper()
+        self._description = description
+
+        # Store extensions, do some effort to normalize them.
+        # They are stored as a list of lowercase strings without leading dots.
+        if extensions is None:
+            extensions = []
+        elif isinstance(extensions, str):
+            extensions = extensions.replace(",", " ").split(" ")
+        #
+        if isinstance(extensions, (tuple, list)):
+            self._extensions = tuple(
+                ["." + e.strip(".").lower() for e in extensions if e]
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid value for extensions given.")
+
+        # Store mode
+        self._modes = modes or ""
+        if not isinstance(self._modes, str):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid value for modes given.")
+        for m in self._modes:
+            if m not in "iIvV?":
+                raise ValueError("Invalid value for mode given.")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        # Short description
+        return "<Format %s - %s>" % (self.name, self.description)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.doc
+
+    @property
+    def doc(self):
+        """ The documentation for this format (name + description + docstring).
+        """
+        # Our docsring is assumed to be indented by four spaces. The
+        # first line needs special attention.
+        return "%s - %s\n\n    %s\n" % (
+            self.name,
+            self.description,
+            self.__doc__.strip(),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        """ The name of this format.
+        """
+        return self._name
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        """ A short description of this format.
+        """
+        return self._description
+
+    @property
+    def extensions(self):
+        """ A list of file extensions supported by this plugin.
+        These are all lowercase with a leading dot.
+        """
+        return self._extensions
+
+    @property
+    def modes(self):
+        """ A string specifying the modes that this format can handle.
+        """
+        return self._modes
+
+    def get_reader(self, request):
+        """ get_reader(request)
+        
+        Return a reader object that can be used to read data and info
+        from the given file. Users are encouraged to use
+        imageio.get_reader() instead.
+        """
+        select_mode = request.mode[1] if request.mode[1] in "iIvV" else ""
+        if select_mode not in self.modes:
+            modename = MODENAMES.get(select_mode, select_mode)
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Format %s cannot read in %s mode" % (self.name, modename)
+            )
+        return self.Reader(self, request)
+
+    def get_writer(self, request):
+        """ get_writer(request)
+        
+        Return a writer object that can be used to write data and info
+        to the given file. Users are encouraged to use
+        imageio.get_writer() instead.
+        """
+        select_mode = request.mode[1] if request.mode[1] in "iIvV" else ""
+        if select_mode not in self.modes:
+            modename = MODENAMES.get(select_mode, select_mode)
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Format %s cannot write in %s mode" % (self.name, modename)
+            )
+        return self.Writer(self, request)
+
+    def can_read(self, request):
+        """ can_read(request)
+        
+        Get whether this format can read data from the specified uri.
+        """
+        return self._can_read(request)
+
+    def can_write(self, request):
+        """ can_write(request)
+        
+        Get whether this format can write data to the speciefed uri.
+        """
+        return self._can_write(request)
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):  # pragma: no cover
+        return None  # Plugins must implement this
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):  # pragma: no cover
+        return None  # Plugins must implement this
+
+    # -----
+
+    class _BaseReaderWriter(object):
+        """ Base class for the Reader and Writer class to implement common 
+        functionality. It implements a similar approach for opening/closing
+        and context management as Python's file objects.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, format, request):
+            self.__closed = False
+            self._BaseReaderWriter_last_index = -1
+            self._format = format
+            self._request = request
+            # Open the reader/writer
+            self._open(**self.request.kwargs.copy())
+
+        @property
+        def format(self):
+            """ The :class:`.Format` object corresponding to the current
+            read/write operation.
+            """
+            return self._format
+
+        @property
+        def request(self):
+            """ The :class:`.Request` object corresponding to the
+            current read/write operation.
+            """
+            return self._request
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            self._checkClosed()
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+            if value is None:
+                # Otherwise error in close hide the real error.
+                self.close()
+
+        def __del__(self):
+            try:
+                self.close()
+            except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+                pass  # Supress noise when called during interpreter shutdown
+
+        def close(self):
+            """ Flush and close the reader/writer.
+            This method has no effect if it is already closed.
+            """
+            if self.__closed:
+                return
+            self.__closed = True
+            self._close()
+            # Process results and clean request object
+            self.request.finish()
+
+        @property
+        def closed(self):
+            """ Whether the reader/writer is closed.
+            """
+            return self.__closed
+
+        def _checkClosed(self, msg=None):
+            """Internal: raise an ValueError if reader/writer is closed
+            """
+            if self.closed:
+                what = self.__class__.__name__
+                msg = msg or ("I/O operation on closed %s." % what)
+                raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+        # To implement
+
+        def _open(self, **kwargs):
+            """ _open(**kwargs)
+            
+            Plugins should probably implement this.
+            
+            It is called when reader/writer is created. Here the
+            plugin can do its initialization. The given keyword arguments
+            are those that were given by the user at imageio.read() or
+            imageio.write().
+            """
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+        def _close(self):
+            """ _close()
+            
+            Plugins should probably implement this.
+            
+            It is called when the reader/writer is closed. Here the plugin
+            can do a cleanup, flush, etc.
+            
+            """
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    # -----
+
+    class Reader(_BaseReaderWriter):
+        """
+        The purpose of a reader object is to read data from an image
+        resource, and should be obtained by calling :func:`.get_reader`. 
+        
+        A reader can be used as an iterator to read multiple images,
+        and (if the format permits) only reads data from the file when
+        new data is requested (i.e. streaming). A reader can also be
+        used as a context manager so that it is automatically closed.
+        
+        Plugins implement Reader's for different formats. Though rare,
+        plugins may provide additional functionality (beyond what is
+        provided by the base reader class).
+        """
+
+        def get_length(self):
+            """ get_length()
+            
+            Get the number of images in the file. (Note: you can also
+            use ``len(reader_object)``.)
+            
+            The result can be:
+                * 0 for files that only have meta data
+                * 1 for singleton images (e.g. in PNG, JPEG, etc.)
+                * N for image series
+                * inf for streams (series of unknown length)
+            """
+            return self._get_length()
+
+        def get_data(self, index, **kwargs):
+            """ get_data(index, **kwargs)
+            
+            Read image data from the file, using the image index. The
+            returned image has a 'meta' attribute with the meta data.
+            Raises IndexError if the index is out of range.
+            
+            Some formats may support additional keyword arguments. These are
+            listed in the documentation of those formats.
+            """
+            self._checkClosed()
+            self._BaseReaderWriter_last_index = index
+            try:
+                im, meta = self._get_data(index, **kwargs)
+            except StopIteration:
+                raise IndexError(index)
+            return Array(im, meta)  # Array tests im and meta
+
+        def get_next_data(self, **kwargs):
+            """ get_next_data(**kwargs)
+            
+            Read the next image from the series.
+            
+            Some formats may support additional keyword arguments. These are
+            listed in the documentation of those formats.
+            """
+            return self.get_data(self._BaseReaderWriter_last_index + 1, **kwargs)
+
+        def set_image_index(self, index, **kwargs):
+            """ set_image_index(index)
+
+            Set the internal pointer such that the next call to
+            get_next_data() returns the image specified by the index
+            """
+            self._checkClosed()
+            n = self.get_length()
+            if index <= n:
+                self._BaseReaderWriter_last_index = index - 1
+
+        def get_meta_data(self, index=None):
+            """ get_meta_data(index=None)
+            
+            Read meta data from the file. using the image index. If the
+            index is omitted or None, return the file's (global) meta data.
+            
+            Note that ``get_data`` also provides the meta data for the returned
+            image as an atrribute of that image.
+            
+            The meta data is a dict, which shape depends on the format.
+            E.g. for JPEG, the dict maps group names to subdicts and each
+            group is a dict with name-value pairs. The groups represent
+            the different metadata formats (EXIF, XMP, etc.).
+            """
+            self._checkClosed()
+            meta = self._get_meta_data(index)
+            if not isinstance(meta, dict):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Meta data must be a dict, not %r" % meta.__class__.__name__
+                )
+            return meta
+
+        def iter_data(self):
+            """ iter_data()
+            
+            Iterate over all images in the series. (Note: you can also
+            iterate over the reader object.)
+            
+            """
+            self._checkClosed()
+            n = self.get_length()
+            i = 0
+            while i < n:
+                try:
+                    im, meta = self._get_data(i)
+                except StopIteration:
+                    return
+                except IndexError:
+                    if n == float("inf"):
+                        return
+                    raise
+                yield Array(im, meta)
+                i += 1
+
+        # Compatibility
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return self.iter_data()
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            n = self.get_length()
+            if n == float("inf"):
+                n = sys.maxsize
+            return n
+
+        # To implement
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            """ _get_length()
+            
+            Plugins must implement this.
+            
+            The retured scalar specifies the number of images in the series.
+            See Reader.get_length for more information.
+            """
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            """ _get_data()
+            
+            Plugins must implement this, but may raise an IndexError in
+            case the plugin does not support random access.
+            
+            It should return the image and meta data: (ndarray, dict).
+            """
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            """ _get_meta_data(index)
+            
+            Plugins must implement this. 
+            
+            It should return the meta data as a dict, corresponding to the
+            given index, or to the file's (global) meta data if index is
+            None.
+            """
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    # -----
+
+    class Writer(_BaseReaderWriter):
+        """ 
+        The purpose of a writer object is to write data to an image
+        resource, and should be obtained by calling :func:`.get_writer`. 
+        
+        A writer will (if the format permits) write data to the file
+        as soon as new data is provided (i.e. streaming). A writer can
+        also be used as a context manager so that it is automatically
+        closed.
+        
+        Plugins implement Writer's for different formats. Though rare,
+        plugins may provide additional functionality (beyond what is
+        provided by the base writer class).
+        """
+
+        def append_data(self, im, meta=None):
+            """ append_data(im, meta={})
+            
+            Append an image (and meta data) to the file. The final meta
+            data that is used consists of the meta data on the given
+            image (if applicable), updated with the given meta data.
+            """
+            self._checkClosed()
+            # Check image data
+            if not isinstance(im, np.ndarray):
+                raise ValueError("append_data requires ndarray as first arg")
+            # Get total meta dict
+            total_meta = {}
+            if hasattr(im, "meta") and isinstance(im.meta, dict):
+                total_meta.update(im.meta)
+            if meta is None:
+                pass
+            elif not isinstance(meta, dict):
+                raise ValueError("Meta must be a dict.")
+            else:
+                total_meta.update(meta)
+
+            # Decouple meta info
+            im = asarray(im)
+            # Call
+            return self._append_data(im, total_meta)
+
+        def set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            """ set_meta_data(meta)
+            
+            Sets the file's (global) meta data. The meta data is a dict which
+            shape depends on the format. E.g. for JPEG the dict maps
+            group names to subdicts, and each group is a dict with
+            name-value pairs. The groups represents the different
+            metadata formats (EXIF, XMP, etc.). 
+            
+            Note that some meta formats may not be supported for
+            writing, and individual fields may be ignored without
+            warning if they are invalid.
+            """
+            self._checkClosed()
+            if not isinstance(meta, dict):
+                raise ValueError("Meta must be a dict.")
+            else:
+                return self._set_meta_data(meta)
+
+        # To implement
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            # Plugins must implement this
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+        def _set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            # Plugins must implement this
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class FormatManager(object):
+    """ 
+    There is exactly one FormatManager object in imageio: ``imageio.formats``.
+    Its purpose it to keep track of the registered formats.
+    
+    The format manager supports getting a format object using indexing (by 
+    format name or extension). When used as an iterator, this object
+    yields all registered format objects.
+    
+    See also :func:`.help`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._formats = []
+        self._formats_sorted = []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<imageio.FormatManager with %i registered formats>" % len(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._formats_sorted)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._formats)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        ss = []
+        for format in self:
+            ext = ", ".join(format.extensions)
+            s = "%s - %s [%s]" % (format.name, format.description, ext)
+            ss.append(s)
+        return "\n".join(ss)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        # Check
+        if not isinstance(name, str):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Looking up a format should be done by name " "or by extension."
+            )
+        if not name:
+            raise ValueError("No format matches the empty string.")
+
+        # Test if name is existing file
+        if os.path.isfile(name):
+            from . import Request
+
+            format = self.search_read_format(Request(name, "r?"))
+            if format is not None:
+                return format
+
+        if "." in name:
+            # Look for extension
+            e1, e2 = os.path.splitext(name.lower())
+            name = e2 or e1
+            # Search for format that supports this extension
+            for format in self:
+                if name in format.extensions:
+                    return format
+        else:
+            # Look for name
+            name = name.upper()
+            for format in self:
+                if name == format.name:
+                    return format
+            for format in self:
+                if name == format.name.rsplit("-", 1)[0]:
+                    return format
+            else:
+                # Maybe the user meant to specify an extension
+                try:
+                    return self["." + name.lower()]
+                except IndexError:
+                    pass  # Fail using original name below
+
+        # Nothing found ...
+        raise IndexError("No format known by name %s." % name)
+
+    def sort(self, *names):
+        """ sort(name1, name2, name3, ...)
+        
+        Sort the formats based on zero or more given names; a format with
+        a name that matches one of the given names will take precedence
+        over other formats. A match means an equal name, or ending with
+        that name (though the former counts higher). Case insensitive.
+        
+        Format preference will match the order of the given names: using
+        ``sort('TIFF', '-FI', '-PIL')`` would prefer the FreeImage formats
+        over the Pillow formats, but prefer TIFF even more. Each time
+        this is called, the starting point is the default format order,
+        and calling ``sort()`` with no arguments will reset the order.
+        
+        Be aware that using the function can affect the behavior of
+        other code that makes use of imageio.
+        
+        Also see the ``IMAGEIO_FORMAT_ORDER`` environment variable.
+        """
+        # Check and sanitize imput
+        for name in names:
+            if not isinstance(name, str):
+                raise TypeError("formats.sort() accepts only string names.")
+            if any(c in name for c in ".,"):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Names given to formats.sort() should not "
+                    "contain dots or commas."
+                )
+        names = [name.strip().upper() for name in names]
+        # Reset
+        self._formats_sorted = list(self._formats)
+        # Sort
+        for name in reversed(names):
+            sorter = lambda f: -((f.name == name) + (f.name.endswith(name)))
+            self._formats_sorted.sort(key=sorter)
+
+    def add_format(self, format, overwrite=False):
+        """ add_format(format, overwrite=False)
+        
+        Register a format, so that imageio can use it. If a format with the
+        same name already exists, an error is raised, unless overwrite is True,
+        in which case the current format is replaced.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(format, Format):
+            raise ValueError("add_format needs argument to be a Format object")
+        elif format in self._formats:
+            raise ValueError("Given Format instance is already registered")
+        elif format.name in self.get_format_names():
+            if overwrite:
+                old_format = self[format.name]
+                self._formats.remove(old_format)
+                if old_format in self._formats_sorted:
+                    self._formats_sorted.remove(old_format)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "A Format named %r is already registered, use"
+                    " overwrite=True to replace." % format.name
+                )
+        self._formats.append(format)
+        self._formats_sorted.append(format)
+
+    def search_read_format(self, request):
+        """ search_read_format(request)
+        
+        Search a format that can read a file according to the given request.
+        Returns None if no appropriate format was found. (used internally)
+        """
+        select_mode = request.mode[1] if request.mode[1] in "iIvV" else ""
+
+        # Select formats that seem to be able to read it
+        selected_formats = []
+        for format in self:
+            if select_mode in format.modes:
+                if request.extension in format.extensions:
+                    selected_formats.append(format)
+
+        # Select the first that can
+        for format in selected_formats:
+            if format.can_read(request):
+                return format
+
+        # If no format could read it, it could be that file has no or
+        # the wrong extension. We ask all formats again.
+        for format in self:
+            if format not in selected_formats:
+                if format.can_read(request):
+                    return format
+
+    def search_write_format(self, request):
+        """ search_write_format(request)
+        
+        Search a format that can write a file according to the given request. 
+        Returns None if no appropriate format was found. (used internally)
+        """
+        select_mode = request.mode[1] if request.mode[1] in "iIvV" else ""
+
+        # Select formats that seem to be able to write it
+        selected_formats = []
+        for format in self:
+            if select_mode in format.modes:
+                if request.extension in format.extensions:
+                    selected_formats.append(format)
+
+        # Select the first that can
+        for format in selected_formats:
+            if format.can_write(request):
+                return format
+
+        # If none of the selected formats could write it, maybe another
+        # format can still write it. It might prefer a different mode,
+        # or be able to handle more formats than it says by its extensions.
+        for format in self:
+            if format not in selected_formats:
+                if format.can_write(request):
+                    return format
+
+    def get_format_names(self):
+        """ Get the names of all registered formats.
+        """
+        return [f.name for f in self]
+
+    def show(self):
+        """ Show a nicely formatted list of available formats
+        """
+        print(self)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/core/functions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,625 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+"""
+These functions represent imageio's main interface for the user. They
+provide a common API to read and write image data for a large
+variety of formats. All read and write functions accept keyword
+arguments, which are passed on to the format that does the actual work.
+To see what keyword arguments are supported by a specific format, use
+the :func:`.help` function.
+
+Functions for reading:
+
+  * :func:`.imread` - read an image from the specified uri
+  * :func:`.mimread` - read a series of images from the specified uri
+  * :func:`.volread` - read a volume from the specified uri
+  * :func:`.mvolread` - read a series of volumes from the specified uri
+
+Functions for saving:
+
+  * :func:`.imwrite` - write an image to the specified uri
+  * :func:`.mimwrite` - write a series of images to the specified uri
+  * :func:`.volwrite` - write a volume to the specified uri
+  * :func:`.mvolwrite` - write a series of volumes to the specified uri
+
+More control:
+
+For a larger degree of control, imageio provides functions
+:func:`.get_reader` and :func:`.get_writer`. They respectively return an
+:class:`.Reader` and an :class:`.Writer` object, which can
+be used to read/write data and meta data in a more controlled manner.
+This also allows specific scientific formats to be exposed in a way
+that best suits that file-format.
+
+----
+
+All read-functions return images as numpy arrays, and have a ``meta``
+attribute; the meta-data dictionary can be accessed with ``im.meta``.
+To make this work, imageio actually makes use of a subclass of
+``np.ndarray``. If needed, the image can be converted to a plain numpy
+array using ``np.asarray(im)``.
+
+----
+
+Supported resource URI's:
+
+All functions described here accept a URI to describe the resource to
+read from or write to. These can be a wide range of things. (Imageio
+takes care of handling the URI so that plugins can access the data in
+an easy way.)
+
+For reading and writing:
+
+* a normal filename, e.g. ``'c:\\foo\\bar.png'``
+* a file in a zipfile, e.g. ``'c:\\foo\\bar.zip\\eggs.png'``
+* a file object with a ``read()`` / ``write()`` method.
+
+For reading:
+
+* an http/ftp address, e.g. ``'http://example.com/foo.png'``
+* the raw bytes of an image file
+* ``get_reader("<video0>")`` to grab images from a (web) camera.
+* ``imread("<screen>")`` to grab a screenshot (on Windows or OS X).
+* ``imread("<clipboard>")`` to grab an image from the clipboard (on Windows).
+
+For writing one can also use ``'<bytes>'`` or ``imageio.RETURN_BYTES`` to
+make a write function return the bytes instead of writing to a file.
+
+Note that reading from HTTP and zipfiles works for many formats including
+png and jpeg, but may not work for all formats (some plugins "seek" the
+file object, which HTTP/zip streams do not support). In such a case one
+can download/extract the file first. For HTTP one can use something
+like ``imageio.imread(imageio.core.urlopen(url).read(), '.gif')``.
+
+"""
+
+from numbers import Number
+import re
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from . import Request, RETURN_BYTES
+from .. import formats
+from .format import MODENAMES
+
+
+MEMTEST_DEFAULT_MIM = "256MB"
+MEMTEST_DEFAULT_MVOL = "1GB"
+
+
+mem_re = re.compile(r"^(\d+\.?\d*)\s*([kKMGTPEZY]?i?)B?$")
+sizes = {"": 1, None: 1}
+for i, si in enumerate([""] + list("kMGTPEZY")):
+    sizes[si] = 1000 ** i
+    if si:
+        sizes[si.upper() + "i"] = 1024 ** i
+
+
+def to_nbytes(arg, default=None):
+    if not arg:
+        return None
+
+    if arg is True:
+        return default
+
+    if isinstance(arg, Number):
+        return arg
+
+    match = mem_re.match(arg)
+    if match is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Memory size could not be parsed "
+            "(is your capitalisation correct?): {}".format(arg)
+        )
+
+    num, unit = match.groups()
+
+    try:
+        return float(num) * sizes[unit]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Memory size unit not recognised "
+            "(is your capitalisation correct?): {}".format(unit)
+        )
+
+
+def help(name=None):
+    """ help(name=None)
+
+    Print the documentation of the format specified by name, or a list
+    of supported formats if name is omitted.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    name : str
+        Can be the name of a format, a filename extension, or a full
+        filename. See also the :doc:`formats page <formats>`.
+    """
+    if not name:
+        print(formats)
+    else:
+        print(formats[name])
+
+
+## Base functions that return a reader/writer
+
+
+def get_reader(uri, format=None, mode="?", **kwargs):
+    """ get_reader(uri, format=None, mode='?', **kwargs)
+
+    Returns a :class:`.Reader` object which can be used to read data
+    and meta data from the specified file.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    uri : {str, pathlib.Path, bytes, file}
+        The resource to load the image from, e.g. a filename, pathlib.Path,
+        http address or file object, see the docs for more info.
+    format : str
+        The format to use to read the file. By default imageio selects
+        the appropriate for you based on the filename and its contents.
+    mode : {'i', 'I', 'v', 'V', '?'}
+        Used to give the reader a hint on what the user expects (default "?"):
+        "i" for an image, "I" for multiple images, "v" for a volume,
+        "V" for multiple volumes, "?" for don't care.
+    kwargs : ...
+        Further keyword arguments are passed to the reader. See :func:`.help`
+        to see what arguments are available for a particular format.
+    """
+
+    # Create request object
+    request = Request(uri, "r" + mode, **kwargs)
+
+    # Get format
+    if format is not None:
+        format = formats[format]
+    else:
+        format = formats.search_read_format(request)
+    if format is None:
+        modename = MODENAMES.get(mode, mode)
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Could not find a format to read the specified file in %s mode" % modename
+        )
+
+    # Return its reader object
+    return format.get_reader(request)
+
+
+def get_writer(uri, format=None, mode="?", **kwargs):
+    """ get_writer(uri, format=None, mode='?', **kwargs)
+
+    Returns a :class:`.Writer` object which can be used to write data
+    and meta data to the specified file.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    uri : {str, pathlib.Path, file}
+        The resource to write the image to, e.g. a filename, pathlib.Path
+        or file object, see the docs for more info.
+    format : str
+        The format to use to write the file. By default imageio selects
+        the appropriate for you based on the filename.
+    mode : {'i', 'I', 'v', 'V', '?'}
+        Used to give the writer a hint on what the user expects (default '?'):
+        "i" for an image, "I" for multiple images, "v" for a volume,
+        "V" for multiple volumes, "?" for don't care.
+    kwargs : ...
+        Further keyword arguments are passed to the writer. See :func:`.help`
+        to see what arguments are available for a particular format.
+    """
+
+    # Signal extension when returning as bytes, needed by e.g. ffmpeg
+    if uri == RETURN_BYTES and isinstance(format, str):
+        uri = RETURN_BYTES + "." + format.strip(". ")
+
+    # Create request object
+    request = Request(uri, "w" + mode, **kwargs)
+
+    # Get format
+    if format is not None:
+        format = formats[format]
+    else:
+        format = formats.search_write_format(request)
+    if format is None:
+        modename = MODENAMES.get(mode, mode)
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Could not find a format to write the specified file in %s mode" % modename
+        )
+
+    # Return its writer object
+    return format.get_writer(request)
+
+
+## Images
+
+
+def imread(uri, format=None, **kwargs):
+    """ imread(uri, format=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Reads an image from the specified file. Returns a numpy array, which
+    comes with a dict of meta data at its 'meta' attribute.
+
+    Note that the image data is returned as-is, and may not always have
+    a dtype of uint8 (and thus may differ from what e.g. PIL returns).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    uri : {str, pathlib.Path, bytes, file}
+        The resource to load the image from, e.g. a filename, pathlib.Path,
+        http address or file object, see the docs for more info.
+    format : str
+        The format to use to read the file. By default imageio selects
+        the appropriate for you based on the filename and its contents.
+    kwargs : ...
+        Further keyword arguments are passed to the reader. See :func:`.help`
+        to see what arguments are available for a particular format.
+    """
+
+    if "mode" in kwargs:
+        raise TypeError(
+            'Invalid keyword argument "mode", ' 'perhaps you mean "pilmode"?'
+        )
+
+    # Get reader and read first
+    reader = read(uri, format, "i", **kwargs)
+    with reader:
+        return reader.get_data(0)
+
+
+def imwrite(uri, im, format=None, **kwargs):
+    """ imwrite(uri, im, format=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Write an image to the specified file.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    uri : {str, pathlib.Path, file}
+        The resource to write the image to, e.g. a filename, pathlib.Path
+        or file object, see the docs for more info.
+    im : numpy.ndarray
+        The image data. Must be NxM, NxMx3 or NxMx4.
+    format : str
+        The format to use to read the file. By default imageio selects
+        the appropriate for you based on the filename and its contents.
+    kwargs : ...
+        Further keyword arguments are passed to the writer. See :func:`.help`
+        to see what arguments are available for a particular format.
+    """
+
+    # Test image
+    imt = type(im)
+    im = np.asanyarray(im)
+    if not np.issubdtype(im.dtype, np.number):
+        raise ValueError("Image is not numeric, but {}.".format(imt.__name__))
+    elif im.ndim == 2:
+        pass
+    elif im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[2] in [1, 3, 4]:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Image must be 2D (grayscale, RGB, or RGBA).")
+
+    # Get writer and write first
+    writer = get_writer(uri, format, "i", **kwargs)
+    with writer:
+        writer.append_data(im)
+
+    # Return a result if there is any
+    return writer.request.get_result()
+
+
+## Multiple images
+
+
+def mimread(uri, format=None, memtest=MEMTEST_DEFAULT_MIM, **kwargs):
+    """ mimread(uri, format=None, memtest="256MB", **kwargs)
+
+    Reads multiple images from the specified file. Returns a list of
+    numpy arrays, each with a dict of meta data at its 'meta' attribute.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    uri : {str, pathlib.Path, bytes, file}
+        The resource to load the images from, e.g. a filename,pathlib.Path,
+        http address or file object, see the docs for more info.
+    format : str
+        The format to use to read the file. By default imageio selects
+        the appropriate for you based on the filename and its contents.
+    memtest : {bool, int, float, str}
+        If truthy, this function will raise an error if the resulting
+        list of images consumes greater than the amount of memory specified.
+        This is to protect the system from using so much memory that it needs
+        to resort to swapping, and thereby stall the computer. E.g.
+        ``mimread('hunger_games.avi')``.
+
+        If the argument is a number, that will be used as the threshold number
+        of bytes.
+
+        If the argument is a string, it will be interpreted as a number of bytes with
+        SI/IEC prefixed units (e.g. '1kB', '250MiB', '80.3YB').
+
+        - Units are case sensitive
+        - k, M etc. represent a 1000-fold change, where Ki, Mi etc. represent 1024-fold
+        - The "B" is optional, but if present, must be capitalised
+
+        If the argument is True, the default will be used, for compatibility reasons.
+
+        Default: '256MB'
+    kwargs : ...
+        Further keyword arguments are passed to the reader. See :func:`.help`
+        to see what arguments are available for a particular format.
+    """
+
+    # Get reader
+    reader = read(uri, format, "I", **kwargs)
+    nbyte_limit = to_nbytes(memtest, MEMTEST_DEFAULT_MIM)
+
+    # Read
+    ims = []
+    nbytes = 0
+    for im in reader:
+        ims.append(im)
+        # Memory check
+        nbytes += im.nbytes
+        if nbyte_limit and nbytes > nbyte_limit:
+            ims[:] = []  # clear to free the memory
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "imageio.mimread() has read over {}B of "
+                "image data.\nStopped to avoid memory problems."
+                " Use imageio.get_reader(), increase threshold, or memtest=False".format(
+                    int(nbyte_limit)
+                )
+            )
+
+    return ims
+
+
+def mimwrite(uri, ims, format=None, **kwargs):
+    """ mimwrite(uri, ims, format=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Write multiple images to the specified file.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    uri : {str, pathlib.Path, file}
+        The resource to write the images to, e.g. a filename, pathlib.Path
+        or file object, see the docs for more info.
+    ims : sequence of numpy arrays
+        The image data. Each array must be NxM, NxMx3 or NxMx4.
+    format : str
+        The format to use to read the file. By default imageio selects
+        the appropriate for you based on the filename and its contents.
+    kwargs : ...
+        Further keyword arguments are passed to the writer. See :func:`.help`
+        to see what arguments are available for a particular format.
+    """
+    # Get writer
+    writer = get_writer(uri, format, "I", **kwargs)
+    written = 0
+
+    with writer:
+
+        # Iterate over images (ims may be a generator)
+        for im in ims:
+
+            # Test image
+            imt = type(im)
+            im = np.asanyarray(im)
+            if not np.issubdtype(im.dtype, np.number):
+                raise ValueError("Image is not numeric, but {}.".format(imt.__name__))
+            elif im.ndim == 2:
+                pass
+            elif im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[2] in [1, 3, 4]:
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Image must be 2D " "(grayscale, RGB, or RGBA).")
+
+            # Add image
+            writer.append_data(im)
+            written += 1
+
+    # Check that something was written. Check after writing, because ims might
+    # be a generator. The damage is done, but we want to error when it happens.
+    if not written:
+        raise RuntimeError("Zero images were written.")
+
+    # Return a result if there is any
+    return writer.request.get_result()
+
+
+## Volumes
+
+
+def volread(uri, format=None, **kwargs):
+    """ volread(uri, format=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Reads a volume from the specified file. Returns a numpy array, which
+    comes with a dict of meta data at its 'meta' attribute.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    uri : {str, pathlib.Path, bytes, file}
+        The resource to load the volume from, e.g. a filename, pathlib.Path,
+        http address or file object, see the docs for more info.
+    format : str
+        The format to use to read the file. By default imageio selects
+        the appropriate for you based on the filename and its contents.
+    kwargs : ...
+        Further keyword arguments are passed to the reader. See :func:`.help`
+        to see what arguments are available for a particular format.
+    """
+
+    # Get reader and read first
+    reader = read(uri, format, "v", **kwargs)
+    with reader:
+        return reader.get_data(0)
+
+
+def volwrite(uri, im, format=None, **kwargs):
+    """ volwrite(uri, vol, format=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Write a volume to the specified file.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    uri : {str, pathlib.Path, file}
+        The resource to write the image to, e.g. a filename, pathlib.Path
+        or file object, see the docs for more info.
+    vol : numpy.ndarray
+        The image data. Must be NxMxL (or NxMxLxK if each voxel is a tuple).
+    format : str
+        The format to use to read the file. By default imageio selects
+        the appropriate for you based on the filename and its contents.
+    kwargs : ...
+        Further keyword arguments are passed to the writer. See :func:`.help`
+        to see what arguments are available for a particular format.
+    """
+
+    # Test image
+    imt = type(im)
+    im = np.asanyarray(im)
+    if not np.issubdtype(im.dtype, np.number):
+        raise ValueError("Image is not numeric, but {}.".format(imt.__name__))
+    elif im.ndim == 3:
+        pass
+    elif im.ndim == 4 and im.shape[3] < 32:  # How large can a tuple be?
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Image must be 3D, or 4D if each voxel is a tuple.")
+
+    # Get writer and write first
+    writer = get_writer(uri, format, "v", **kwargs)
+    with writer:
+        writer.append_data(im)
+
+    # Return a result if there is any
+    return writer.request.get_result()
+
+
+## Multiple volumes
+
+
+def mvolread(uri, format=None, memtest=MEMTEST_DEFAULT_MVOL, **kwargs):
+    """ mvolread(uri, format=None, memtest='1GB', **kwargs)
+
+    Reads multiple volumes from the specified file. Returns a list of
+    numpy arrays, each with a dict of meta data at its 'meta' attribute.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    uri : {str, pathlib.Path, bytes, file}
+        The resource to load the volumes from, e.g. a filename, pathlib.Path,
+        http address or file object, see the docs for more info.
+    format : str
+        The format to use to read the file. By default imageio selects
+        the appropriate for you based on the filename and its contents.
+    memtest : {bool, int, float, str}
+        If truthy, this function will raise an error if the resulting
+        list of images consumes greater than the amount of memory specified.
+        This is to protect the system from using so much memory that it needs
+        to resort to swapping, and thereby stall the computer. E.g.
+        ``mimread('hunger_games.avi')``.
+
+        If the argument is a number, that will be used as the threshold number
+        of bytes.
+
+        If the argument is a string, it will be interpreted as a number of bytes with
+        SI/IEC prefixed units (e.g. '1kB', '250MiB', '80.3YB').
+
+        - Units are case sensitive
+        - k, M etc. represent a 1000-fold change, where Ki, Mi etc. represent 1024-fold
+        - The "B" is optional, but if present, must be capitalised
+
+        If the argument is True, the default will be used, for compatibility reasons.
+
+        Default: '1GB'
+    kwargs : ...
+        Further keyword arguments are passed to the reader. See :func:`.help`
+        to see what arguments are available for a particular format.
+    """
+
+    # Get reader and read all
+    reader = read(uri, format, "V", **kwargs)
+    nbyte_limit = to_nbytes(memtest, MEMTEST_DEFAULT_MVOL)
+
+    ims = []
+    nbytes = 0
+    for im in reader:
+        ims.append(im)
+        # Memory check
+        nbytes += im.nbytes
+        if nbyte_limit and nbytes > nbyte_limit:  # pragma: no cover
+            ims[:] = []  # clear to free the memory
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "imageio.mvolread() has read over {}B of "
+                "image data.\nStopped to avoid memory problems."
+                " Use imageio.get_reader(), increase threshold, or memtest=False".format(
+                    int(nbyte_limit)
+                )
+            )
+
+    return ims
+
+
+def mvolwrite(uri, ims, format=None, **kwargs):
+    """ mvolwrite(uri, vols, format=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Write multiple volumes to the specified file.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    uri : {str, pathlib.Path, file}
+        The resource to write the volumes to, e.g. a filename, pathlib.Path
+        or file object, see the docs for more info.
+    ims : sequence of numpy arrays
+        The image data. Each array must be NxMxL (or NxMxLxK if each
+        voxel is a tuple).
+    format : str
+        The format to use to read the file. By default imageio selects
+        the appropriate for you based on the filename and its contents.
+    kwargs : ...
+        Further keyword arguments are passed to the writer. See :func:`.help`
+        to see what arguments are available for a particular format.
+    """
+
+    # Get writer
+    writer = get_writer(uri, format, "V", **kwargs)
+    written = 0
+
+    with writer:
+
+        # Iterate over images (ims may be a generator)
+        for im in ims:
+            # Test image
+            imt = type(im)
+            im = np.asanyarray(im)
+            if not np.issubdtype(im.dtype, np.number):
+                raise ValueError("Image is not numeric, but {}.".format(imt.__name__))
+            elif im.ndim == 3:
+                pass
+            elif im.ndim == 4 and im.shape[3] < 32:
+                pass  # How large can a tuple be?
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Image must be 3D, or 4D if each voxel is a tuple.")
+
+            # Add image
+            writer.append_data(im)
+            written += 1
+
+    # Check that something was written. Check after writing, because ims might
+    # be a generator. The damage is done, but we want to error when it happens.
+    if not written:
+        raise RuntimeError("Zero volumes were written.")
+
+    # Return a result if there is any
+    return writer.request.get_result()
+
+
+## Aliases
+
+read = get_reader
+save = get_writer
+imsave = imwrite
+mimsave = mimwrite
+volsave = volwrite
+mvolsave = mvolwrite

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/core/request.py

@@ -0,0 +1,577 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+"""
+Definition of the Request object, which acts as a kind of bridge between
+what the user wants and what the plugins can.
+"""
+
+import os
+from io import BytesIO
+import zipfile
+import tempfile
+import shutil
+
+from ..core import urlopen, get_remote_file
+
+try:
+    from pathlib import Path
+except ImportError:
+    Path = None
+
+# URI types
+URI_BYTES = 1
+URI_FILE = 2
+URI_FILENAME = 3
+URI_ZIPPED = 4
+URI_HTTP = 5
+URI_FTP = 6
+
+SPECIAL_READ_URIS = "<video", "<screen>", "<clipboard>"
+
+# The user can use this string in a write call to get the data back as bytes.
+RETURN_BYTES = "<bytes>"
+
+# Example images that will be auto-downloaded
+EXAMPLE_IMAGES = {
+    "astronaut.png": "Image of the astronaut Eileen Collins",
+    "camera.png": "Classic grayscale image of a photographer",
+    "checkerboard.png": "Black and white image of a chekerboard",
+    "wood.jpg": "A (repeatable) texture of wooden planks",
+    "bricks.jpg": "A (repeatable) texture of stone bricks",
+    "clock.png": "Photo of a clock with motion blur (Stefan van der Walt)",
+    "coffee.png": "Image of a cup of coffee (Rachel Michetti)",
+    "chelsea.png": "Image of Stefan's cat",
+    "wikkie.png": "Image of Almar's cat",
+    "coins.png": "Image showing greek coins from Pompeii",
+    "horse.png": "Image showing the silhouette of a horse (Andreas Preuss)",
+    "hubble_deep_field.png": "Photograph taken by Hubble telescope (NASA)",
+    "immunohistochemistry.png": "Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining",
+    "moon.png": "Image showing a portion of the surface of the moon",
+    "page.png": "A scanned page of text",
+    "text.png": "A photograph of handdrawn text",
+    "chelsea.zip": "The chelsea.png in a zipfile (for testing)",
+    "chelsea.bsdf": "The chelsea.png in a BSDF file(for testing)",
+    "newtonscradle.gif": "Animated GIF of a newton's cradle",
+    "cockatoo.mp4": "Video file of a cockatoo",
+    "stent.npz": "Volumetric image showing a stented abdominal aorta",
+    "meadow_cube.jpg": "A cubemap image of a meadow, e.g. to render a skybox.",
+}
+
+
+class Request(object):
+    """ Request(uri, mode, **kwargs)
+
+    Represents a request for reading or saving an image resource. This
+    object wraps information to that request and acts as an interface
+    for the plugins to several resources; it allows the user to read
+    from filenames, files, http, zipfiles, raw bytes, etc., but offer
+    a simple interface to the plugins via ``get_file()`` and
+    ``get_local_filename()``.
+
+    For each read/write operation a single Request instance is used and passed
+    to the can_read/can_write method of a format, and subsequently to
+    the Reader/Writer class. This allows rudimentary passing of
+    information between different formats and between a format and
+    associated reader/writer.
+
+    parameters
+    ----------
+    uri : {str, bytes, file}
+        The resource to load the image from.
+    mode : str
+        The first character is "r" or "w", indicating a read or write
+        request. The second character is used to indicate the kind of data:
+        "i" for an image, "I" for multiple images, "v" for a volume,
+        "V" for multiple volumes, "?" for don't care.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, uri, mode, **kwargs):
+
+        # General
+        self._uri_type = None
+        self._filename = None
+        self._extension = None
+        self._kwargs = kwargs
+        self._result = None  # Some write actions may have a result
+
+        # To handle the user-side
+        self._filename_zip = None  # not None if a zipfile is used
+        self._bytes = None  # Incoming bytes
+        self._zipfile = None  # To store a zipfile instance (if used)
+
+        # To handle the plugin side
+        self._file = None  # To store the file instance
+        self._file_is_local = False  # whether the data needs to be copied at end
+        self._filename_local = None  # not None if using tempfile on this FS
+        self._firstbytes = None  # For easy header parsing
+
+        # To store formats that may be able to fulfil this request
+        # self._potential_formats = []
+
+        # Check mode
+        self._mode = mode
+        if not isinstance(mode, str):
+            raise ValueError("Request requires mode must be a string")
+        if not len(mode) == 2:
+            raise ValueError("Request requires mode to have two chars")
+        if mode[0] not in "rw":
+            raise ValueError('Request requires mode[0] to be "r" or "w"')
+        if mode[1] not in "iIvV?":
+            raise ValueError('Request requires mode[1] to be in "iIvV?"')
+
+        # Parse what was given
+        self._parse_uri(uri)
+
+        # Set extension
+        if self._filename is not None:
+            ext = self._filename
+            if self._filename.startswith(("http://", "https://", "ftp://", "ftps://")):
+                ext = ext.split("?")[0]
+            self._extension = "." + ext.split(".")[-1].lower()
+
+    def _parse_uri(self, uri):
+        """ Try to figure our what we were given
+        """
+        is_read_request = self.mode[0] == "r"
+        is_write_request = self.mode[0] == "w"
+
+        if isinstance(uri, str):
+            # Explicit
+            if uri.startswith("imageio:"):
+                if is_write_request:
+                    raise RuntimeError("Cannot write to the standard images.")
+                fn = uri.split(":", 1)[-1].lower()
+                fn, _, zip_part = fn.partition(".zip/")
+                if zip_part:
+                    fn += ".zip"
+                if fn not in EXAMPLE_IMAGES:
+                    raise ValueError("Unknown standard image %r." % fn)
+                self._uri_type = URI_FILENAME
+                self._filename = get_remote_file("images/" + fn, auto=True)
+                if zip_part:
+                    self._filename += "/" + zip_part
+            elif uri.startswith("http://") or uri.startswith("https://"):
+                self._uri_type = URI_HTTP
+                self._filename = uri
+            elif uri.startswith("ftp://") or uri.startswith("ftps://"):
+                self._uri_type = URI_FTP
+                self._filename = uri
+            elif uri.startswith("file://"):
+                self._uri_type = URI_FILENAME
+                self._filename = uri[7:]
+            elif uri.startswith(SPECIAL_READ_URIS) and is_read_request:
+                self._uri_type = URI_BYTES
+                self._filename = uri
+            elif uri.startswith(RETURN_BYTES) and is_write_request:
+                self._uri_type = URI_BYTES
+                self._filename = uri
+            else:
+                self._uri_type = URI_FILENAME
+                self._filename = uri
+
+        elif isinstance(uri, memoryview) and is_read_request:
+            self._uri_type = URI_BYTES
+            self._filename = "<bytes>"
+            self._bytes = uri.tobytes()
+        elif isinstance(uri, bytes) and is_read_request:
+            self._uri_type = URI_BYTES
+            self._filename = "<bytes>"
+            self._bytes = uri
+        elif Path is not None and isinstance(uri, Path):
+            self._uri_type = URI_FILENAME
+            self._filename = str(uri)
+        # Files
+        elif is_read_request:
+            if hasattr(uri, "read") and hasattr(uri, "close"):
+                self._uri_type = URI_FILE
+                self._filename = "<file>"
+                self._file = uri  # Data must be read from here
+        elif is_write_request:
+            if hasattr(uri, "write") and hasattr(uri, "close"):
+                self._uri_type = URI_FILE
+                self._filename = "<file>"
+                self._file = uri  # Data must be written here
+
+        # Expand user dir
+        if self._uri_type == URI_FILENAME and self._filename.startswith("~"):
+            self._filename = os.path.expanduser(self._filename)
+
+        # Check if a zipfile
+        if self._uri_type == URI_FILENAME:
+            # Search for zip extension followed by a path separater
+            for needle in [".zip/", ".zip\\"]:
+                zip_i = self._filename.lower().find(needle)
+                if zip_i > 0:
+                    zip_i += 4
+                    zip_path = self._filename[:zip_i]
+                    if is_write_request or os.path.isfile(zip_path):
+                        self._uri_type = URI_ZIPPED
+
+                        self._filename_zip = (
+                            zip_path,
+                            self._filename[zip_i:].lstrip("/\\"),
+                        )
+                        break
+
+        # Check if we could read it
+        if self._uri_type is None:
+            uri_r = repr(uri)
+            if len(uri_r) > 60:
+                uri_r = uri_r[:57] + "..."
+            raise IOError("Cannot understand given URI: %s." % uri_r)
+
+        # Check if this is supported
+        noWriting = [URI_HTTP, URI_FTP]
+        if is_write_request and self._uri_type in noWriting:
+            raise IOError("imageio does not support writing to http/ftp.")
+
+        # Deprecated way to load standard images, give a sensible error message
+        if is_read_request and self._uri_type in [URI_FILENAME, URI_ZIPPED]:
+            fn = self._filename
+            if self._filename_zip:
+                fn = self._filename_zip[0]
+            if (not os.path.exists(fn)) and (fn in EXAMPLE_IMAGES):
+                raise IOError(
+                    "No such file: %r. This file looks like one of "
+                    "the standard images, but from imageio 2.1, "
+                    "standard images have to be specified using "
+                    '"imageio:%s".' % (fn, fn)
+                )
+
+        # Make filename absolute
+        if self._uri_type in [URI_FILENAME, URI_ZIPPED]:
+            if self._filename_zip:
+                self._filename_zip = (
+                    os.path.abspath(self._filename_zip[0]),
+                    self._filename_zip[1],
+                )
+            else:
+                self._filename = os.path.abspath(self._filename)
+
+        # Check whether file name is valid
+        if self._uri_type in [URI_FILENAME, URI_ZIPPED]:
+            fn = self._filename
+            if self._filename_zip:
+                fn = self._filename_zip[0]
+            if is_read_request:
+                # Reading: check that the file exists (but is allowed a dir)
+                if not os.path.exists(fn):
+                    raise FileNotFoundError("No such file: '%s'" % fn)
+            else:
+                # Writing: check that the directory to write to does exist
+                dn = os.path.dirname(fn)
+                if not os.path.exists(dn):
+                    raise FileNotFoundError("The directory %r does not exist" % dn)
+
+    @property
+    def filename(self):
+        """ The uri for which reading/saving was requested. This
+        can be a filename, an http address, or other resource
+        identifier. Do not rely on the filename to obtain the data,
+        but use ``get_file()`` or ``get_local_filename()`` instead.
+        """
+        return self._filename
+
+    @property
+    def extension(self):
+        """ The (lowercase) extension of the requested filename.
+        Suffixes in url's are stripped. Can be None if the request is
+        not based on a filename.
+        """
+        return self._extension
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self):
+        """ The mode of the request. The first character is "r" or "w",
+        indicating a read or write request. The second character is
+        used to indicate the kind of data:
+        "i" for an image, "I" for multiple images, "v" for a volume,
+        "V" for multiple volumes, "?" for don't care.
+        """
+        return self._mode
+
+    @property
+    def kwargs(self):
+        """ The dict of keyword arguments supplied by the user.
+        """
+        return self._kwargs
+
+    ## For obtaining data
+
+    def get_file(self):
+        """ get_file()
+        Get a file object for the resource associated with this request.
+        If this is a reading request, the file is in read mode,
+        otherwise in write mode. This method is not thread safe. Plugins
+        should not close the file when done.
+
+        This is the preferred way to read/write the data. But if a
+        format cannot handle file-like objects, they should use
+        ``get_local_filename()``.
+        """
+        want_to_write = self.mode[0] == "w"
+
+        # Is there already a file?
+        # Either _uri_type == URI_FILE, or we already opened the file,
+        # e.g. by using firstbytes
+        if self._file is not None:
+            return self._file
+
+        if self._uri_type == URI_BYTES:
+            if want_to_write:
+                # Create new file object, we catch the bytes in finish()
+                self._file = BytesIO()
+                self._file_is_local = True
+            else:
+                self._file = BytesIO(self._bytes)
+
+        elif self._uri_type == URI_FILENAME:
+            if want_to_write:
+                self._file = open(self.filename, "wb")
+            else:
+                self._file = open(self.filename, "rb")
+
+        elif self._uri_type == URI_ZIPPED:
+            # Get the correct filename
+            filename, name = self._filename_zip
+            if want_to_write:
+                # Create new file object, we catch the bytes in finish()
+                self._file = BytesIO()
+                self._file_is_local = True
+            else:
+                # Open zipfile and open new file object for specific file
+                self._zipfile = zipfile.ZipFile(filename, "r")
+                self._file = self._zipfile.open(name, "r")
+                self._file = SeekableFileObject(self._file)
+
+        elif self._uri_type in [URI_HTTP or URI_FTP]:
+            assert not want_to_write  # This should have been tested in init
+            timeout = os.getenv('IMAGEIO_REQUEST_TIMEOUT')
+            if timeout is None or not timeout.isdigit():
+                timeout = 5
+            self._file = urlopen(self.filename, timeout=float(timeout))
+            self._file = SeekableFileObject(self._file)
+
+        return self._file
+
+    def get_local_filename(self):
+        """ get_local_filename()
+        If the filename is an existing file on this filesystem, return
+        that. Otherwise a temporary file is created on the local file
+        system which can be used by the format to read from or write to.
+        """
+
+        if self._uri_type == URI_FILENAME:
+            return self._filename
+        else:
+            # Get filename
+            if self._uri_type in (URI_HTTP, URI_FTP):
+                ext = os.path.splitext(self._filename.split("?")[0])[1]
+            else:
+                ext = os.path.splitext(self._filename)[1]
+            self._filename_local = tempfile.mktemp(ext, "imageio_")
+            # Write stuff to it?
+            if self.mode[0] == "r":
+                with open(self._filename_local, "wb") as file:
+                    shutil.copyfileobj(self.get_file(), file)
+            return self._filename_local
+
+    def finish(self):
+        """ finish()
+        For internal use (called when the context of the reader/writer
+        exits). Finishes this request. Close open files and process
+        results.
+        """
+
+        if self.mode[0] == "w":
+
+            # See if we "own" the data and must put it somewhere
+            bytes = None
+            if self._filename_local:
+                with open(self._filename_local, "rb") as file:
+                    bytes = file.read()
+            elif self._file_is_local:
+                bytes = self._file.getvalue()
+
+            # Put the data in the right place
+            if bytes is not None:
+                if self._uri_type == URI_BYTES:
+                    self._result = bytes  # Picked up by imread function
+                elif self._uri_type == URI_FILE:
+                    self._file.write(bytes)
+                elif self._uri_type == URI_ZIPPED:
+                    zf = zipfile.ZipFile(self._filename_zip[0], "a")
+                    zf.writestr(self._filename_zip[1], bytes)
+                    zf.close()
+                # elif self._uri_type == URI_FILENAME: -> is always direct
+                # elif self._uri_type == URI_FTP/HTTP: -> write not supported
+
+        # Close open files that we know of (and are responsible for)
+        if self._file and self._uri_type != URI_FILE:
+            self._file.close()
+            self._file = None
+        if self._zipfile:
+            self._zipfile.close()
+            self._zipfile = None
+
+        # Remove temp file
+        if self._filename_local:
+            try:
+                os.remove(self._filename_local)
+            except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+                pass
+            self._filename_local = None
+
+        # Detach so gc can clean even if a reference of self lingers
+        self._bytes = None
+
+    def get_result(self):
+        """ For internal use. In some situations a write action can have
+        a result (bytes data). That is obtained with this function.
+        """
+        self._result, res = None, self._result
+        return res
+
+    @property
+    def firstbytes(self):
+        """ The first 256 bytes of the file. These can be used to
+        parse the header to determine the file-format.
+        """
+        if self._firstbytes is None:
+            self._read_first_bytes()
+        return self._firstbytes
+
+    def _read_first_bytes(self, N=256):
+        if self._bytes is not None:
+            self._firstbytes = self._bytes[:N]
+        else:
+            # Prepare
+            try:
+                f = self.get_file()
+            except IOError:
+                if os.path.isdir(self.filename):  # A directory, e.g. for DICOM
+                    self._firstbytes = bytes()
+                    return
+                raise
+            try:
+                i = f.tell()
+            except Exception:
+                i = None
+            # Read
+            self._firstbytes = read_n_bytes(f, N)
+            # Set back
+            try:
+                if i is None:
+                    raise Exception("cannot seek with None")
+                f.seek(i)
+            except Exception:
+                # Prevent get_file() from reusing the file
+                self._file = None
+                # If the given URI was a file object, we have a problem,
+                if self._uri_type == URI_FILE:
+                    raise IOError("Cannot seek back after getting firstbytes!")
+
+
+def read_n_bytes(f, N):
+    """ read_n_bytes(file, n)
+
+    Read n bytes from the given file, or less if the file has less
+    bytes. Returns zero bytes if the file is closed.
+    """
+    bb = bytes()
+    while len(bb) < N:
+        extra_bytes = f.read(N - len(bb))
+        if not extra_bytes:
+            break
+        bb += extra_bytes
+    return bb
+
+
+class SeekableFileObject:
+    """ A readonly wrapper file object that add support for seeking, even if
+    the wrapped file object does not. The allows us to stream from http and
+    still use Pillow.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, f):
+        self.f = f
+        self._i = 0  # >=0 but can exceed buffer
+        self._buffer = b""
+        self._have_all = False
+        self.closed = False
+
+    def read(self, n=None):
+
+        # Fix up n
+        if n is None:
+            pass
+        else:
+            n = int(n)
+            if n < 0:
+                n = None
+
+        # Can and must we read more?
+        if not self._have_all:
+            more = b""
+            if n is None:
+                more = self.f.read()
+                self._have_all = True
+            else:
+                want_i = self._i + n
+                want_more = want_i - len(self._buffer)
+                if want_more > 0:
+                    more = self.f.read(want_more)
+                    if len(more) < want_more:
+                        self._have_all = True
+            self._buffer += more
+
+        # Read data from buffer and update pointer
+        if n is None:
+            res = self._buffer[self._i :]
+        else:
+            res = self._buffer[self._i : self._i + n]
+        self._i += len(res)
+
+        return res
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self._i
+
+    def seek(self, i, mode=0):
+        # Mimic BytesIO behavior
+
+        # Get the absolute new position
+        i = int(i)
+        if mode == 0:
+            if i < 0:
+                raise ValueError("negative seek value " + str(i))
+            real_i = i
+        elif mode == 1:
+            real_i = max(0, self._i + i)  # negative ok here
+        elif mode == 2:
+            if not self._have_all:
+                self.read()
+            real_i = max(0, len(self._buffer) + i)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("invalid whence (%s, should be 0, 1 or 2)" % i)
+
+        # Read some?
+        if real_i <= len(self._buffer):
+            pass  # no need to read
+        elif not self._have_all:
+            assert real_i > self._i  # if we don't have all, _i cannot be > _buffer
+            self.read(real_i - self._i)  # sets self._i
+
+        self._i = real_i
+        return self._i
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.closed = True
+        self.f.close()
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        return False
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        return True

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/core/util.py

@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+"""
+Various utilities for imageio
+"""
+
+
+import os
+import re
+import struct
+import sys
+import time
+import logging
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("imageio")
+
+
+import numpy as np
+
+IS_PYPY = "__pypy__" in sys.builtin_module_names
+THIS_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+def urlopen(*args, **kwargs):
+    """ Compatibility function for the urlopen function. Raises an
+    RuntimeError if urlopen could not be imported (which can occur in
+    frozen applications.
+    """
+    try:
+        from urllib.request import urlopen
+    except ImportError:
+        raise RuntimeError("Could not import urlopen.")
+    return urlopen(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _precision_warn(p1, p2, extra=""):
+    t = (
+        "Lossy conversion from {} to {}. {} Convert image to {} prior to "
+        "saving to suppress this warning."
+    )
+    logger.warning(t.format(p1, p2, extra, p2))
+
+
+def image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=None):
+    """ Convert the given image to uint (default: uint8)
+
+    If the dtype already matches the desired format, it is returned
+    as-is. If the image is float, and all values are between 0 and 1,
+    the values are multiplied by np.power(2.0, bitdepth). In all other
+    situations, the values are scaled such that the minimum value
+    becomes 0 and the maximum value becomes np.power(2.0, bitdepth)-1
+    (255 for 8-bit and 65535 for 16-bit).
+    """
+    if not bitdepth:
+        bitdepth = 8
+    if not isinstance(im, np.ndarray):
+        raise ValueError("Image must be a numpy array")
+    if bitdepth == 8:
+        out_type = np.uint8
+    elif bitdepth == 16:
+        out_type = np.uint16
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Bitdepth must be either 8 or 16")
+    dtype_str1 = str(im.dtype)
+    dtype_str2 = out_type.__name__
+    if (im.dtype == np.uint8 and bitdepth == 8) or (
+        im.dtype == np.uint16 and bitdepth == 16
+    ):
+        # Already the correct format? Return as-is
+        return im
+    if dtype_str1.startswith("float") and np.nanmin(im) >= 0 and np.nanmax(im) <= 1:
+        _precision_warn(dtype_str1, dtype_str2, "Range [0, 1].")
+        im = im.astype(np.float64) * (np.power(2.0, bitdepth) - 1) + 0.499999999
+    elif im.dtype == np.uint16 and bitdepth == 8:
+        _precision_warn(dtype_str1, dtype_str2, "Losing 8 bits of resolution.")
+        im = np.right_shift(im, 8)
+    elif im.dtype == np.uint32:
+        _precision_warn(
+            dtype_str1,
+            dtype_str2,
+            "Losing {} bits of resolution.".format(32 - bitdepth),
+        )
+        im = np.right_shift(im, 32 - bitdepth)
+    elif im.dtype == np.uint64:
+        _precision_warn(
+            dtype_str1,
+            dtype_str2,
+            "Losing {} bits of resolution.".format(64 - bitdepth),
+        )
+        im = np.right_shift(im, 64 - bitdepth)
+    else:
+        mi = np.nanmin(im)
+        ma = np.nanmax(im)
+        if not np.isfinite(mi):
+            raise ValueError("Minimum image value is not finite")
+        if not np.isfinite(ma):
+            raise ValueError("Maximum image value is not finite")
+        if ma == mi:
+            return im.astype(out_type)
+        _precision_warn(dtype_str1, dtype_str2, "Range [{}, {}].".format(mi, ma))
+        # Now make float copy before we scale
+        im = im.astype("float64")
+        # Scale the values between 0 and 1 then multiply by the max value
+        im = (im - mi) / (ma - mi) * (np.power(2.0, bitdepth) - 1) + 0.499999999
+    assert np.nanmin(im) >= 0
+    assert np.nanmax(im) < np.power(2.0, bitdepth)
+    return im.astype(out_type)
+
+
+class Array(np.ndarray):
+    """ Array(array, meta=None)
+
+    A subclass of np.ndarray that has a meta attribute. Get the dictionary
+    that contains the meta data using ``im.meta``. Convert to a plain numpy
+    array using ``np.asarray(im)``.
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, array, meta=None):
+        # Check
+        if not isinstance(array, np.ndarray):
+            raise ValueError("Array expects a numpy array.")
+        if not (meta is None or isinstance(meta, dict)):
+            raise ValueError("Array expects meta data to be a dict.")
+        # Convert and return
+        meta = meta if meta is not None else {}
+        try:
+            ob = array.view(cls)
+        except AttributeError:  # pragma: no cover
+            # Just return the original; no metadata on the array in Pypy!
+            return array
+        ob._copy_meta(meta)
+        return ob
+
+    def _copy_meta(self, meta):
+        """ Make a 2-level deep copy of the meta dictionary.
+        """
+        self._meta = Dict()
+        for key, val in meta.items():
+            if isinstance(val, dict):
+                val = Dict(val)  # Copy this level
+            self._meta[key] = val
+
+    @property
+    def meta(self):
+        """ The dict with the meta data of this image.
+        """
+        return self._meta
+
+    def __array_finalize__(self, ob):
+        """ So the meta info is maintained when doing calculations with
+        the array.
+        """
+        if isinstance(ob, Array):
+            self._copy_meta(ob.meta)
+        else:
+            self._copy_meta({})
+
+    def __array_wrap__(self, out, context=None):
+        """ So that we return a native numpy array (or scalar) when a
+        reducting ufunc is applied (such as sum(), std(), etc.)
+        """
+        if not out.shape:
+            return out.dtype.type(out)  # Scalar
+        elif out.shape != self.shape:
+            return out.view(type=np.ndarray)
+        else:
+            return out  # Type Array
+
+
+Image = Array  # Alias for backwards compatibility
+
+
+def asarray(a):
+    """ Pypy-safe version of np.asarray. Pypy's np.asarray consumes a
+    *lot* of memory if the given array is an ndarray subclass. This
+    function does not.
+    """
+    if isinstance(a, np.ndarray):
+        if IS_PYPY:  # pragma: no cover
+            a = a.copy()  # pypy has issues with base views
+        plain = a.view(type=np.ndarray)
+        return plain
+    return np.asarray(a)
+
+
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+
+class Dict(OrderedDict):
+    """ A dict in which the keys can be get and set as if they were
+    attributes. Very convenient in combination with autocompletion.
+
+    This Dict still behaves as much as possible as a normal dict, and
+    keys can be anything that are otherwise valid keys. However,
+    keys that are not valid identifiers or that are names of the dict
+    class (such as 'items' and 'copy') cannot be get/set as attributes.
+    """
+
+    __reserved_names__ = dir(OrderedDict())  # Also from OrderedDict
+    __pure_names__ = dir(dict())
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, key)
+        except AttributeError:
+            if key in self:
+                return self[key]
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, val):
+        if key in Dict.__reserved_names__:
+            # Either let OrderedDict do its work, or disallow
+            if key not in Dict.__pure_names__:
+                return OrderedDict.__setattr__(self, key, val)
+            else:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    "Reserved name, this key can only "
+                    + "be set via ``d[%r] = X``" % key
+                )
+        else:
+            # if isinstance(val, dict): val = Dict(val) -> no, makes a copy!
+            self[key] = val
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        isidentifier = lambda x: bool(re.match(r"[a-z_]\w*$", x, re.I))
+        names = [k for k in self.keys() if (isinstance(k, str) and isidentifier(k))]
+        return Dict.__reserved_names__ + names
+
+
+class BaseProgressIndicator(object):
+    """ BaseProgressIndicator(name)
+
+    A progress indicator helps display the progres of a task to the
+    user. Progress can be pending, running, finished or failed.
+
+    Each task has:
+      * a name - a short description of what needs to be done.
+      * an action - the current action in performing the task (e.g. a subtask)
+      * progress - how far the task is completed
+      * max - max number of progress units. If 0, the progress is indefinite
+      * unit - the units in which the progress is counted
+      * status - 0: pending, 1: in progress, 2: finished, 3: failed
+
+    This class defines an abstract interface. Subclasses should implement
+    _start, _stop, _update_progress(progressText), _write(message).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self._name = name
+        self._action = ""
+        self._unit = ""
+        self._max = 0
+        self._status = 0
+        self._last_progress_update = 0
+
+    def start(self, action="", unit="", max=0):
+        """ start(action='', unit='', max=0)
+
+        Start the progress. Optionally specify an action, a unit,
+        and a maxium progress value.
+        """
+        if self._status == 1:
+            self.finish()
+        self._action = action
+        self._unit = unit
+        self._max = max
+        #
+        self._progress = 0
+        self._status = 1
+        self._start()
+
+    def status(self):
+        """ status()
+
+        Get the status of the progress - 0: pending, 1: in progress,
+        2: finished, 3: failed
+        """
+        return self._status
+
+    def set_progress(self, progress=0, force=False):
+        """ set_progress(progress=0, force=False)
+
+        Set the current progress. To avoid unnecessary progress updates
+        this will only have a visual effect if the time since the last
+        update is > 0.1 seconds, or if force is True.
+        """
+        self._progress = progress
+        # Update or not?
+        if not (force or (time.time() - self._last_progress_update > 0.1)):
+            return
+        self._last_progress_update = time.time()
+        # Compose new string
+        unit = self._unit or ""
+        progressText = ""
+        if unit == "%":
+            progressText = "%2.1f%%" % progress
+        elif self._max > 0:
+            percent = 100 * float(progress) / self._max
+            progressText = "%i/%i %s (%2.1f%%)" % (progress, self._max, unit, percent)
+        elif progress > 0:
+            if isinstance(progress, float):
+                progressText = "%0.4g %s" % (progress, unit)
+            else:
+                progressText = "%i %s" % (progress, unit)
+        # Update
+        self._update_progress(progressText)
+
+    def increase_progress(self, extra_progress):
+        """ increase_progress(extra_progress)
+
+        Increase the progress by a certain amount.
+        """
+        self.set_progress(self._progress + extra_progress)
+
+    def finish(self, message=None):
+        """ finish(message=None)
+
+        Finish the progress, optionally specifying a message. This will
+        not set the progress to the maximum.
+        """
+        self.set_progress(self._progress, True)  # fore update
+        self._status = 2
+        self._stop()
+        if message is not None:
+            self._write(message)
+
+    def fail(self, message=None):
+        """ fail(message=None)
+
+        Stop the progress with a failure, optionally specifying a message.
+        """
+        self.set_progress(self._progress, True)  # fore update
+        self._status = 3
+        self._stop()
+        message = "FAIL " + (message or "")
+        self._write(message)
+
+    def write(self, message):
+        """ write(message)
+
+        Write a message during progress (such as a warning).
+        """
+        if self.__class__ == BaseProgressIndicator:
+            # When this class is used as a dummy, print explicit message
+            print(message)
+        else:
+            return self._write(message)
+
+    # Implementing classes should implement these
+
+    def _start(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _stop(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _update_progress(self, progressText):
+        pass
+
+    def _write(self, message):
+        pass
+
+
+class StdoutProgressIndicator(BaseProgressIndicator):
+    """ StdoutProgressIndicator(name)
+
+    A progress indicator that shows the progress in stdout. It
+    assumes that the tty can appropriately deal with backspace
+    characters.
+    """
+
+    def _start(self):
+        self._chars_prefix, self._chars = "", ""
+        # Write message
+        if self._action:
+            self._chars_prefix = "%s (%s): " % (self._name, self._action)
+        else:
+            self._chars_prefix = "%s: " % self._name
+        sys.stdout.write(self._chars_prefix)
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    def _update_progress(self, progressText):
+        # If progress is unknown, at least make something move
+        if not progressText:
+            i1, i2, i3, i4 = "-\\|/"
+            M = {i1: i2, i2: i3, i3: i4, i4: i1}
+            progressText = M.get(self._chars, i1)
+        # Store new string and write
+        delChars = "\b" * len(self._chars)
+        self._chars = progressText
+        sys.stdout.write(delChars + self._chars)
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    def _stop(self):
+        self._chars = self._chars_prefix = ""
+        sys.stdout.write("\n")
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    def _write(self, message):
+        # Write message
+        delChars = "\b" * len(self._chars_prefix + self._chars)
+        sys.stdout.write(delChars + "  " + message + "\n")
+        # Reprint progress text
+        sys.stdout.write(self._chars_prefix + self._chars)
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+
+# From pyzolib/paths.py (https://bitbucket.org/pyzo/pyzolib/src/tip/paths.py)
+def appdata_dir(appname=None, roaming=False):
+    """ appdata_dir(appname=None, roaming=False)
+
+    Get the path to the application directory, where applications are allowed
+    to write user specific files (e.g. configurations). For non-user specific
+    data, consider using common_appdata_dir().
+    If appname is given, a subdir is appended (and created if necessary).
+    If roaming is True, will prefer a roaming directory (Windows Vista/7).
+    """
+
+    # Define default user directory
+    userDir = os.getenv("IMAGEIO_USERDIR", None)
+    if userDir is None:
+        userDir = os.path.expanduser("~")
+        if not os.path.isdir(userDir):  # pragma: no cover
+            userDir = "/var/tmp"  # issue #54
+
+    # Get system app data dir
+    path = None
+    if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+        path1, path2 = os.getenv("LOCALAPPDATA"), os.getenv("APPDATA")
+        path = (path2 or path1) if roaming else (path1 or path2)
+    elif sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+        path = os.path.join(userDir, "Library", "Application Support")
+    # On Linux and as fallback
+    if not (path and os.path.isdir(path)):
+        path = userDir
+
+    # Maybe we should store things local to the executable (in case of a
+    # portable distro or a frozen application that wants to be portable)
+    prefix = sys.prefix
+    if getattr(sys, "frozen", None):
+        prefix = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(sys.executable))
+    for reldir in ("settings", "../settings"):
+        localpath = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(prefix, reldir))
+        if os.path.isdir(localpath):  # pragma: no cover
+            try:
+                open(os.path.join(localpath, "test.write"), "wb").close()
+                os.remove(os.path.join(localpath, "test.write"))
+            except IOError:
+                pass  # We cannot write in this directory
+            else:
+                path = localpath
+                break
+
+    # Get path specific for this app
+    if appname:
+        if path == userDir:
+            appname = "." + appname.lstrip(".")  # Make it a hidden directory
+        path = os.path.join(path, appname)
+        if not os.path.isdir(path):  # pragma: no cover
+            os.makedirs(path, exist_ok=True)
+
+    # Done
+    return path
+
+
+def resource_dirs():
+    """ resource_dirs()
+
+    Get a list of directories where imageio resources may be located.
+    The first directory in this list is the "resources" directory in
+    the package itself. The second directory is the appdata directory
+    (~/.imageio on Linux). The list further contains the application
+    directory (for frozen apps), and may include additional directories
+    in the future.
+    """
+    dirs = [resource_package_dir()]
+    # Resource dir baked in the package.
+    # Appdata directory
+    try:
+        dirs.append(appdata_dir("imageio"))
+    except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+        pass  # The home dir may not be writable
+    # Directory where the app is located (mainly for frozen apps)
+    if getattr(sys, "frozen", None):
+        dirs.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(sys.executable)))
+    elif sys.path and sys.path[0]:
+        dirs.append(os.path.abspath(sys.path[0]))
+    return dirs
+
+
+def resource_package_dir():
+    """ package_dir
+
+    Get the resources directory in the imageio package installation
+    directory.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This is a convenience method that is used by `resource_dirs` and
+    imageio entry point scripts.
+    """
+    # Make pkg_resources optional if setuptools is not available
+    try:
+        # Avoid importing pkg_resources in the top level due to how slow it is
+        # https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/510
+        import pkg_resources
+    except ImportError:
+        pkg_resources = None
+
+    if pkg_resources:
+        # The directory returned by `pkg_resources.resource_filename`
+        # also works with eggs.
+        pdir = pkg_resources.resource_filename("imageio", "resources")
+    else:
+        # If setuptools is not available, use fallback
+        pdir = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(THIS_DIR, "..", "resources"))
+    return pdir
+
+
+def get_platform():
+    """ get_platform()
+
+    Get a string that specifies the platform more specific than
+    sys.platform does. The result can be: linux32, linux64, win32,
+    win64, osx32, osx64. Other platforms may be added in the future.
+    """
+    # Get platform
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        plat = "linux%i"
+    elif sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+        plat = "win%i"
+    elif sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+        plat = "osx%i"
+    elif sys.platform.startswith("freebsd"):
+        plat = "freebsd%i"
+    else:  # pragma: no cover
+        return None
+
+    return plat % (struct.calcsize("P") * 8)  # 32 or 64 bits
+
+
+def has_module(module_name):
+    """Check to see if a python module is available.
+    """
+    if sys.version_info > (3, 4):
+        import importlib
+
+        name_parts = module_name.split(".")
+        for i in range(len(name_parts)):
+            if importlib.util.find_spec(".".join(name_parts[: i + 1])) is None:
+                return False
+        return True
+    else:  # pragma: no cover
+        import imp
+
+        try:
+            imp.find_module(module_name)
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
+        return True

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/freeze.py

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+"""
+Helper functions for freezing imageio.
+"""
+
+
+def get_includes():
+    return ["email", "urllib.request", "numpy", "zipfile", "io"]
+
+
+def get_excludes():
+    return []

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+# flake8: noqa
+
+"""
+
+Imagio is plugin-based. Every supported format is provided with a
+plugin. You can write your own plugins to make imageio support
+additional formats. And we would be interested in adding such code to the
+imageio codebase!
+
+
+What is a plugin
+----------------
+
+In imageio, a plugin provides one or more :class:`.Format` objects, and
+corresponding :class:`.Reader` and :class:`.Writer` classes.
+Each Format object represents an implementation to read/write a
+particular file format. Its Reader and Writer classes do the actual
+reading/saving.
+
+The reader and writer objects have a ``request`` attribute that can be
+used to obtain information about the read or write :class:`.Request`, such as
+user-provided keyword arguments, as well get access to the raw image
+data.
+
+
+Registering
+-----------
+
+Strictly speaking a format can be used stand alone. However, to allow
+imageio to automatically select it for a specific file, the format must
+be registered using ``imageio.formats.add_format()``.
+
+Note that a plugin is not required to be part of the imageio package; as
+long as a format is registered, imageio can use it. This makes imageio very
+easy to extend.
+
+
+What methods to implement
+--------------------------
+
+Imageio is designed such that plugins only need to implement a few
+private methods. The public API is implemented by the base classes.
+In effect, the public methods can be given a descent docstring which
+does not have to be repeated at the plugins.
+
+For the Format class, the following needs to be implemented/specified:
+
+  * The format needs a short name, a description, and a list of file
+    extensions that are common for the file-format in question.
+    These ase set when instantiation the Format object.
+  * Use a docstring to provide more detailed information about the
+    format/plugin, such as parameters for reading and saving that the user
+    can supply via keyword arguments.
+  * Implement ``_can_read(request)``, return a bool.
+    See also the :class:`.Request` class.
+  * Implement ``_can_write(request)``, dito.
+
+For the Format.Reader class:
+
+  * Implement ``_open(**kwargs)`` to initialize the reader. Deal with the
+    user-provided keyword arguments here.
+  * Implement ``_close()`` to clean up.
+  * Implement ``_get_length()`` to provide a suitable length based on what
+    the user expects. Can be ``inf`` for streaming data.
+  * Implement ``_get_data(index)`` to return an array and a meta-data dict.
+  * Implement ``_get_meta_data(index)`` to return a meta-data dict. If index
+    is None, it should return the 'global' meta-data.
+
+For the Format.Writer class:
+
+  * Implement ``_open(**kwargs)`` to initialize the writer. Deal with the
+    user-provided keyword arguments here.
+  * Implement ``_close()`` to clean up.
+  * Implement ``_append_data(im, meta)`` to add data (and meta-data).
+  * Implement ``_set_meta_data(meta)`` to set the global meta-data.
+
+"""
+
+# First import plugins that we want to take precedence over freeimage
+from . import tifffile
+from . import pillow
+from . import grab
+
+from . import freeimage
+from . import freeimagemulti
+
+from . import ffmpeg
+
+from . import bsdf
+from . import dicom
+from . import npz
+from . import swf
+from . import feisem  # special kind of tiff, uses _tiffile
+
+from . import fits  # depends on astropy
+from . import simpleitk  # depends on itk or SimpleITK
+from . import gdal  # depends on gdal
+
+from . import lytro
+from . import spe
+
+from . import example
+
+# Sort
+import os
+from .. import formats
+
+formats.sort(*os.getenv("IMAGEIO_FORMAT_ORDER", "").split(","))
+del os, formats

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/_bsdf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,940 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# This file is distributed under the terms of the 2-clause BSD License.
+# Copyright (c) 2017-2018, Almar Klein
+
+"""
+Python implementation of the Binary Structured Data Format (BSDF).
+
+BSDF is a binary format for serializing structured (scientific) data.
+See http://bsdf.io for more information.
+
+This is the reference implementation, which is relatively relatively
+sophisticated, providing e.g. lazy loading of blobs and streamed
+reading/writing. A simpler Python implementation is available as
+``bsdf_lite.py``.
+
+This module has no dependencies and works on Python 2.7 and 3.4+.
+
+Note: on Legacy Python (Python 2.7), non-Unicode strings are encoded as bytes.
+"""
+
+# todo: in 2020, remove six stuff, __future__ and _isidentifier
+# todo: in 2020, remove 'utf-8' args to encode/decode; it's faster
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import bz2
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import struct
+import sys
+import types
+import zlib
+from io import BytesIO
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# Notes on versioning: the major and minor numbers correspond to the
+# BSDF format version. The major number if increased when backward
+# incompatible changes are introduced. An implementation must raise an
+# exception when the file being read has a higher major version. The
+# minor number is increased when new backward compatible features are
+# introduced. An implementation must display a warning when the file
+# being read has a higher minor version. The patch version is increased
+# for subsequent releases of the implementation.
+VERSION = 2, 1, 2
+__version__ = ".".join(str(i) for i in VERSION)
+
+
+# %% The encoder and decoder implementation
+
+# From six.py
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] >= 3
+if PY3:
+    text_type = str
+    string_types = str
+    unicode_types = str
+    integer_types = int
+    classtypes = type
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    logging.basicConfig()  # avoid "no handlers found" error
+    text_type = unicode  # noqa
+    string_types = basestring  # noqa
+    unicode_types = unicode  # noqa
+    integer_types = (int, long)  # noqa
+    classtypes = type, types.ClassType
+
+# Shorthands
+spack = struct.pack
+strunpack = struct.unpack
+
+
+def lencode(x):
+    """ Encode an unsigned integer into a variable sized blob of bytes.
+    """
+    # We could support 16 bit and 32 bit as well, but the gain is low, since
+    # 9 bytes for collections with over 250 elements is marginal anyway.
+    if x <= 250:
+        return spack("<B", x)
+    # elif x < 65536:
+    #     return spack('<BH', 251, x)
+    # elif x < 4294967296:
+    #     return spack('<BI', 252, x)
+    else:
+        return spack("<BQ", 253, x)
+
+
+# Include len decoder for completeness; we've inlined it for performance.
+def lendecode(f):
+    """ Decode an unsigned integer from a file.
+    """
+    n = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+    if n == 253:
+        n = strunpack("<Q", f.read(8))[0]  # noqa
+    return n
+
+
+def encode_type_id(b, ext_id):
+    """ Encode the type identifier, with or without extension id.
+    """
+    if ext_id is not None:
+        bb = ext_id.encode("UTF-8")
+        return b.upper() + lencode(len(bb)) + bb  # noqa
+    else:
+        return b  # noqa
+
+
+def _isidentifier(s):  # pragma: no cover
+    """ Use of str.isidentifier() for Legacy Python, but slower.
+    """
+    # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2544972/
+    return (
+        isinstance(s, string_types)
+        and re.match(r"^\w+$", s, re.UNICODE)
+        and re.match(r"^[0-9]", s) is None
+    )
+
+
+class BsdfSerializer(object):
+    """ Instances of this class represent a BSDF encoder/decoder.
+
+    It acts as a placeholder for a set of extensions and encoding/decoding
+    options. Use this to predefine extensions and options for high
+    performance encoding/decoding. For general use, see the functions
+    `save()`, `encode()`, `load()`, and `decode()`.
+
+    This implementation of BSDF supports streaming lists (keep adding
+    to a list after writing the main file), lazy loading of blobs, and
+    in-place editing of blobs (for streams opened with a+).
+
+    Options for encoding:
+
+    * compression (int or str): ``0`` or "no" for no compression (default),
+      ``1`` or "zlib" for Zlib compression (same as zip files and PNG), and
+      ``2`` or "bz2" for Bz2 compression (more compact but slower writing).
+      Note that some BSDF implementations (e.g. JavaScript) may not support
+      compression.
+    * use_checksum (bool): whether to include a checksum with binary blobs.
+    * float64 (bool): Whether to write floats as 64 bit (default) or 32 bit.
+
+    Options for decoding:
+
+    * load_streaming (bool): if True, and the final object in the structure was
+      a stream, will make it available as a stream in the decoded object.
+    * lazy_blob (bool): if True, bytes are represented as Blob objects that can
+      be used to lazily access the data, and also overwrite the data if the
+      file is open in a+ mode.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, extensions=None, **options):
+        self._extensions = {}  # name -> extension
+        self._extensions_by_cls = {}  # cls -> (name, extension.encode)
+        if extensions is None:
+            extensions = standard_extensions
+        for extension in extensions:
+            self.add_extension(extension)
+        self._parse_options(**options)
+
+    def _parse_options(
+        self,
+        compression=0,
+        use_checksum=False,
+        float64=True,
+        load_streaming=False,
+        lazy_blob=False,
+    ):
+
+        # Validate compression
+        if isinstance(compression, string_types):
+            m = {"no": 0, "zlib": 1, "bz2": 2}
+            compression = m.get(compression.lower(), compression)
+        if compression not in (0, 1, 2):
+            raise TypeError("Compression must be 0, 1, 2, " '"no", "zlib", or "bz2"')
+        self._compression = compression
+
+        # Other encoding args
+        self._use_checksum = bool(use_checksum)
+        self._float64 = bool(float64)
+
+        # Decoding args
+        self._load_streaming = bool(load_streaming)
+        self._lazy_blob = bool(lazy_blob)
+
+    def add_extension(self, extension_class):
+        """ Add an extension to this serializer instance, which must be
+        a subclass of Extension. Can be used as a decorator.
+        """
+        # Check class
+        if not (
+            isinstance(extension_class, type) and issubclass(extension_class, Extension)
+        ):
+            raise TypeError("add_extension() expects a Extension class.")
+        extension = extension_class()
+
+        # Get name
+        name = extension.name
+        if not isinstance(name, str):
+            raise TypeError("Extension name must be str.")
+        if len(name) == 0 or len(name) > 250:
+            raise NameError(
+                "Extension names must be nonempty and shorter " "than 251 chars."
+            )
+        if name in self._extensions:
+            logger.warning(
+                'BSDF warning: overwriting extension "%s", '
+                "consider removing first" % name
+            )
+
+        # Get classes
+        cls = extension.cls
+        if not cls:
+            clss = []
+        elif isinstance(cls, (tuple, list)):
+            clss = cls
+        else:
+            clss = [cls]
+        for cls in clss:
+            if not isinstance(cls, classtypes):
+                raise TypeError("Extension classes must be types.")
+
+        # Store
+        for cls in clss:
+            self._extensions_by_cls[cls] = name, extension.encode
+        self._extensions[name] = extension
+        return extension_class
+
+    def remove_extension(self, name):
+        """ Remove a converted by its unique name.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(name, str):
+            raise TypeError("Extension name must be str.")
+        if name in self._extensions:
+            self._extensions.pop(name)
+        for cls in list(self._extensions_by_cls.keys()):
+            if self._extensions_by_cls[cls][0] == name:
+                self._extensions_by_cls.pop(cls)
+
+    def _encode(self, f, value, streams, ext_id):
+        """ Main encoder function.
+        """
+        x = encode_type_id
+
+        if value is None:
+            f.write(x(b"v", ext_id))  # V for void
+        elif value is True:
+            f.write(x(b"y", ext_id))  # Y for yes
+        elif value is False:
+            f.write(x(b"n", ext_id))  # N for no
+        elif isinstance(value, integer_types):
+            if -32768 <= value <= 32767:
+                f.write(x(b"h", ext_id) + spack("h", value))  # H for ...
+            else:
+                f.write(x(b"i", ext_id) + spack("<q", value))  # I for int
+        elif isinstance(value, float):
+            if self._float64:
+                f.write(x(b"d", ext_id) + spack("<d", value))  # D for double
+            else:
+                f.write(x(b"f", ext_id) + spack("<f", value))  # f for float
+        elif isinstance(value, unicode_types):
+            bb = value.encode("UTF-8")
+            f.write(x(b"s", ext_id) + lencode(len(bb)))  # S for str
+            f.write(bb)
+        elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+            f.write(x(b"l", ext_id) + lencode(len(value)))  # L for list
+            for v in value:
+                self._encode(f, v, streams, None)
+        elif isinstance(value, dict):
+            f.write(x(b"m", ext_id) + lencode(len(value)))  # M for mapping
+            for key, v in value.items():
+                if PY3:
+                    assert key.isidentifier()  # faster
+                else:  # pragma: no cover
+                    assert _isidentifier(key)
+                # yield ' ' * indent + key
+                name_b = key.encode("UTF-8")
+                f.write(lencode(len(name_b)))
+                f.write(name_b)
+                self._encode(f, v, streams, None)
+        elif isinstance(value, bytes):
+            f.write(x(b"b", ext_id))  # B for blob
+            blob = Blob(
+                value, compression=self._compression, use_checksum=self._use_checksum
+            )
+            blob._to_file(f)  # noqa
+        elif isinstance(value, Blob):
+            f.write(x(b"b", ext_id))  # B for blob
+            value._to_file(f)  # noqa
+        elif isinstance(value, BaseStream):
+            # Initialize the stream
+            if value.mode != "w":
+                raise ValueError("Cannot serialize a read-mode stream.")
+            elif isinstance(value, ListStream):
+                f.write(x(b"l", ext_id) + spack("<BQ", 255, 0))  # L for list
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("Only ListStream is supported")
+            # Mark this as *the* stream, and activate the stream.
+            # The save() function verifies this is the last written object.
+            if len(streams) > 0:
+                raise ValueError("Can only have one stream per file.")
+            streams.append(value)
+            value._activate(f, self._encode, self._decode)  # noqa
+        else:
+            if ext_id is not None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Extension %s wronfully encodes object to another "
+                    "extension object (though it may encode to a list/dict "
+                    "that contains other extension objects)." % ext_id
+                )
+            # Try if the value is of a type we know
+            ex = self._extensions_by_cls.get(value.__class__, None)
+            # Maybe its a subclass of a type we know
+            if ex is None:
+                for name, c in self._extensions.items():
+                    if c.match(self, value):
+                        ex = name, c.encode
+                        break
+                else:
+                    ex = None
+            # Success or fail
+            if ex is not None:
+                ext_id2, extension_encode = ex
+                self._encode(f, extension_encode(self, value), streams, ext_id2)
+            else:
+                t = (
+                    "Class %r is not a valid base BSDF type, nor is it "
+                    "handled by an extension."
+                )
+                raise TypeError(t % value.__class__.__name__)
+
+    def _decode(self, f):
+        """ Main decoder function.
+        """
+
+        # Get value
+        char = f.read(1)
+        c = char.lower()
+
+        # Conversion (uppercase value identifiers signify converted values)
+        if not char:
+            raise EOFError()
+        elif char != c:
+            n = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+            # if n == 253: n = strunpack('<Q', f.read(8))[0]  # noqa - noneed
+            ext_id = f.read(n).decode("UTF-8")
+        else:
+            ext_id = None
+
+        if c == b"v":
+            value = None
+        elif c == b"y":
+            value = True
+        elif c == b"n":
+            value = False
+        elif c == b"h":
+            value = strunpack("<h", f.read(2))[0]
+        elif c == b"i":
+            value = strunpack("<q", f.read(8))[0]
+        elif c == b"f":
+            value = strunpack("<f", f.read(4))[0]
+        elif c == b"d":
+            value = strunpack("<d", f.read(8))[0]
+        elif c == b"s":
+            n_s = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+            if n_s == 253:
+                n_s = strunpack("<Q", f.read(8))[0]  # noqa
+            value = f.read(n_s).decode("UTF-8")
+        elif c == b"l":
+            n = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+            if n >= 254:
+                # Streaming
+                closed = n == 254
+                n = strunpack("<Q", f.read(8))[0]
+                if self._load_streaming:
+                    value = ListStream(n if closed else "r")
+                    value._activate(f, self._encode, self._decode)  # noqa
+                elif closed:
+                    value = [self._decode(f) for i in range(n)]
+                else:
+                    value = []
+                    try:
+                        while True:
+                            value.append(self._decode(f))
+                    except EOFError:
+                        pass
+            else:
+                # Normal
+                if n == 253:
+                    n = strunpack("<Q", f.read(8))[0]  # noqa
+                value = [self._decode(f) for i in range(n)]
+        elif c == b"m":
+            value = dict()
+            n = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+            if n == 253:
+                n = strunpack("<Q", f.read(8))[0]  # noqa
+            for i in range(n):
+                n_name = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+                if n_name == 253:
+                    n_name = strunpack("<Q", f.read(8))[0]  # noqa
+                assert n_name > 0
+                name = f.read(n_name).decode("UTF-8")
+                value[name] = self._decode(f)
+        elif c == b"b":
+            if self._lazy_blob:
+                value = Blob((f, True))
+            else:
+                blob = Blob((f, False))
+                value = blob.get_bytes()
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError("Parse error %r" % char)
+
+        # Convert value if we have an extension for it
+        if ext_id is not None:
+            extension = self._extensions.get(ext_id, None)
+            if extension is not None:
+                value = extension.decode(self, value)
+            else:
+                logger.warning("BSDF warning: no extension found for %r" % ext_id)
+
+        return value
+
+    def encode(self, ob):
+        """ Save the given object to bytes.
+        """
+        f = BytesIO()
+        self.save(f, ob)
+        return f.getvalue()
+
+    def save(self, f, ob):
+        """ Write the given object to the given file object.
+        """
+        f.write(b"BSDF")
+        f.write(struct.pack("<B", VERSION[0]))
+        f.write(struct.pack("<B", VERSION[1]))
+
+        # Prepare streaming, this list will have 0 or 1 item at the end
+        streams = []
+
+        self._encode(f, ob, streams, None)
+
+        # Verify that stream object was at the end, and add initial elements
+        if len(streams) > 0:
+            stream = streams[0]
+            if stream._start_pos != f.tell():
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "The stream object must be " "the last object to be encoded."
+                )
+
+    def decode(self, bb):
+        """ Load the data structure that is BSDF-encoded in the given bytes.
+        """
+        f = BytesIO(bb)
+        return self.load(f)
+
+    def load(self, f):
+        """ Load a BSDF-encoded object from the given file object.
+        """
+        # Check magic string
+        f4 = f.read(4)
+        if f4 != b"BSDF":
+            raise RuntimeError("This does not look like a BSDF file: %r" % f4)
+        # Check version
+        major_version = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+        minor_version = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+        file_version = "%i.%i" % (major_version, minor_version)
+        if major_version != VERSION[0]:  # major version should be 2
+            t = (
+                "Reading file with different major version (%s) "
+                "from the implementation (%s)."
+            )
+            raise RuntimeError(t % (__version__, file_version))
+        if minor_version > VERSION[1]:  # minor should be < ours
+            t = (
+                "BSDF warning: reading file with higher minor version (%s) "
+                "than the implementation (%s)."
+            )
+            logger.warning(t % (__version__, file_version))
+
+        return self._decode(f)
+
+
+# %% Streaming and blob-files
+
+
+class BaseStream(object):
+    """ Base class for streams.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, mode="w"):
+        self._i = 0
+        self._count = -1
+        if isinstance(mode, int):
+            self._count = mode
+            mode = "r"
+        elif mode == "w":
+            self._count = 0
+        assert mode in ("r", "w")
+        self._mode = mode
+        self._f = None
+        self._start_pos = 0
+
+    def _activate(self, file, encode_func, decode_func):
+        if self._f is not None:  # Associated with another write
+            raise IOError("Stream object cannot be activated twice?")
+        self._f = file
+        self._start_pos = self._f.tell()
+        self._encode = encode_func
+        self._decode = decode_func
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self):
+        """ The mode of this stream: 'r' or 'w'.
+        """
+        return self._mode
+
+
+class ListStream(BaseStream):
+    """ A streamable list object used for writing or reading.
+    In read mode, it can also be iterated over.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def count(self):
+        """ The number of elements in the stream (can be -1 for unclosed
+        streams in read-mode).
+        """
+        return self._count
+
+    @property
+    def index(self):
+        """ The current index of the element to read/write.
+        """
+        return self._i
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        """ Append an item to the streaming list. The object is immediately
+        serialized and written to the underlying file.
+        """
+        # if self._mode != 'w':
+        #     raise IOError('This ListStream is not in write mode.')
+        if self._count != self._i:
+            raise IOError("Can only append items to the end of the stream.")
+        if self._f is None:
+            raise IOError("List stream is not associated with a file yet.")
+        if self._f.closed:
+            raise IOError("Cannot stream to a close file.")
+        self._encode(self._f, item, [self], None)
+        self._i += 1
+        self._count += 1
+
+    def close(self, unstream=False):
+        """ Close the stream, marking the number of written elements. New
+        elements may still be appended, but they won't be read during decoding.
+        If ``unstream`` is False, the stream is turned into a regular list
+        (not streaming).
+        """
+        # if self._mode != 'w':
+        #     raise IOError('This ListStream is not in write mode.')
+        if self._count != self._i:
+            raise IOError("Can only close when at the end of the stream.")
+        if self._f is None:
+            raise IOError("ListStream is not associated with a file yet.")
+        if self._f.closed:
+            raise IOError("Cannot close a stream on a close file.")
+        i = self._f.tell()
+        self._f.seek(self._start_pos - 8 - 1)
+        self._f.write(spack("<B", 253 if unstream else 254))
+        self._f.write(spack("<Q", self._count))
+        self._f.seek(i)
+
+    def next(self):
+        """ Read and return the next element in the streaming list.
+        Raises StopIteration if the stream is exhausted.
+        """
+        if self._mode != "r":
+            raise IOError("This ListStream in not in read mode.")
+        if self._f is None:
+            raise IOError("ListStream is not associated with a file yet.")
+        if getattr(self._f, "closed", None):  # not present on 2.7 http req :/
+            raise IOError("Cannot read a stream from a close file.")
+        if self._count >= 0:
+            if self._i >= self._count:
+                raise StopIteration()
+            self._i += 1
+            return self._decode(self._f)
+        else:
+            # This raises EOFError at some point.
+            try:
+                res = self._decode(self._f)
+                self._i += 1
+                return res
+            except EOFError:
+                self._count = self._i
+                raise StopIteration()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        if self._mode != "r":
+            raise IOError("Cannot iterate: ListStream in not in read mode.")
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        return self.next()
+
+
+class Blob(object):
+    """ Object to represent a blob of bytes. When used to write a BSDF file,
+    it's a wrapper for bytes plus properties such as what compression to apply.
+    When used to read a BSDF file, it can be used to read the data lazily, and
+    also modify the data if reading in 'r+' mode and the blob isn't compressed.
+    """
+
+    # For now, this does not allow re-sizing blobs (within the allocated size)
+    # but this can be added later.
+
+    def __init__(self, bb, compression=0, extra_size=0, use_checksum=False):
+        if isinstance(bb, bytes):
+            self._f = None
+            self.compressed = self._from_bytes(bb, compression)
+            self.compression = compression
+            self.allocated_size = self.used_size + extra_size
+            self.use_checksum = use_checksum
+        elif isinstance(bb, tuple) and len(bb) == 2 and hasattr(bb[0], "read"):
+            self._f, allow_seek = bb
+            self.compressed = None
+            self._from_file(self._f, allow_seek)
+            self._modified = False
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Wrong argument to create Blob.")
+
+    def _from_bytes(self, value, compression):
+        """ When used to wrap bytes in a blob.
+        """
+        if compression == 0:
+            compressed = value
+        elif compression == 1:
+            compressed = zlib.compress(value, 9)
+        elif compression == 2:
+            compressed = bz2.compress(value, 9)
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            assert False, "Unknown compression identifier"
+
+        self.data_size = len(value)
+        self.used_size = len(compressed)
+        return compressed
+
+    def _to_file(self, f):
+        """ Private friend method called by encoder to write a blob to a file.
+        """
+        # Write sizes - write at least in a size that allows resizing
+        if self.allocated_size <= 250 and self.compression == 0:
+            f.write(spack("<B", self.allocated_size))
+            f.write(spack("<B", self.used_size))
+            f.write(lencode(self.data_size))
+        else:
+            f.write(spack("<BQ", 253, self.allocated_size))
+            f.write(spack("<BQ", 253, self.used_size))
+            f.write(spack("<BQ", 253, self.data_size))
+        # Compression and checksum
+        f.write(spack("B", self.compression))
+        if self.use_checksum:
+            f.write(b"\xff" + hashlib.md5(self.compressed).digest())
+        else:
+            f.write(b"\x00")
+        # Byte alignment (only necessary for uncompressed data)
+        if self.compression == 0:
+            alignment = 8 - (f.tell() + 1) % 8  # +1 for the byte to write
+            f.write(spack("<B", alignment))  # padding for byte alignment
+            f.write(b"\x00" * alignment)
+        else:
+            f.write(spack("<B", 0))
+        # The actual data and extra space
+        f.write(self.compressed)
+        f.write(b"\x00" * (self.allocated_size - self.used_size))
+
+    def _from_file(self, f, allow_seek):
+        """ Used when a blob is read by the decoder.
+        """
+        # Read blob header data (5 to 42 bytes)
+        # Size
+        allocated_size = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+        if allocated_size == 253:
+            allocated_size = strunpack("<Q", f.read(8))[0]  # noqa
+        used_size = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+        if used_size == 253:
+            used_size = strunpack("<Q", f.read(8))[0]  # noqa
+        data_size = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+        if data_size == 253:
+            data_size = strunpack("<Q", f.read(8))[0]  # noqa
+        # Compression and checksum
+        compression = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+        has_checksum = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+        if has_checksum:
+            checksum = f.read(16)
+        # Skip alignment
+        alignment = strunpack("<B", f.read(1))[0]
+        f.read(alignment)
+        # Get or skip data + extra space
+        if allow_seek:
+            self.start_pos = f.tell()
+            self.end_pos = self.start_pos + used_size
+            f.seek(self.start_pos + allocated_size)
+        else:
+            self.start_pos = None
+            self.end_pos = None
+            self.compressed = f.read(used_size)
+            f.read(allocated_size - used_size)
+        # Store info
+        self.alignment = alignment
+        self.compression = compression
+        self.use_checksum = checksum if has_checksum else None
+        self.used_size = used_size
+        self.allocated_size = allocated_size
+        self.data_size = data_size
+
+    def seek(self, p):
+        """ Seek to the given position (relative to the blob start).
+        """
+        if self._f is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Cannot seek in a blob " "that is not created by the BSDF decoder."
+            )
+        if p < 0:
+            p = self.allocated_size + p
+        if p < 0 or p > self.allocated_size:
+            raise IOError("Seek beyond blob boundaries.")
+        self._f.seek(self.start_pos + p)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """ Get the current file pointer position (relative to the blob start).
+        """
+        if self._f is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Cannot tell in a blob " "that is not created by the BSDF decoder."
+            )
+        return self._f.tell() - self.start_pos
+
+    def write(self, bb):
+        """ Write bytes to the blob.
+        """
+        if self._f is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Cannot write in a blob " "that is not created by the BSDF decoder."
+            )
+        if self.compression:
+            raise IOError("Cannot arbitrarily write in compressed blob.")
+        if self._f.tell() + len(bb) > self.end_pos:
+            raise IOError("Write beyond blob boundaries.")
+        self._modified = True
+        return self._f.write(bb)
+
+    def read(self, n):
+        """ Read n bytes from the blob.
+        """
+        if self._f is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Cannot read in a blob " "that is not created by the BSDF decoder."
+            )
+        if self.compression:
+            raise IOError("Cannot arbitrarily read in compressed blob.")
+        if self._f.tell() + n > self.end_pos:
+            raise IOError("Read beyond blob boundaries.")
+        return self._f.read(n)
+
+    def get_bytes(self):
+        """ Get the contents of the blob as bytes.
+        """
+        if self.compressed is not None:
+            compressed = self.compressed
+        else:
+            i = self._f.tell()
+            self.seek(0)
+            compressed = self._f.read(self.used_size)
+            self._f.seek(i)
+        if self.compression == 0:
+            value = compressed
+        elif self.compression == 1:
+            value = zlib.decompress(compressed)
+        elif self.compression == 2:
+            value = bz2.decompress(compressed)
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise RuntimeError("Invalid compression %i" % self.compression)
+        return value
+
+    def update_checksum(self):
+        """ Reset the blob's checksum if present. Call this after modifying
+        the data.
+        """
+        # or ... should the presence of a checksum mean that data is proteced?
+        if self.use_checksum and self._modified:
+            self.seek(0)
+            compressed = self._f.read(self.used_size)
+            self._f.seek(self.start_pos - self.alignment - 1 - 16)
+            self._f.write(hashlib.md5(compressed).digest())
+
+
+# %% High-level functions
+
+
+def encode(ob, extensions=None, **options):
+    """ Save (BSDF-encode) the given object to bytes.
+    See `BSDFSerializer` for details on extensions and options.
+    """
+    s = BsdfSerializer(extensions, **options)
+    return s.encode(ob)
+
+
+def save(f, ob, extensions=None, **options):
+    """ Save (BSDF-encode) the given object to the given filename or
+    file object. See` BSDFSerializer` for details on extensions and options.
+    """
+    s = BsdfSerializer(extensions, **options)
+    if isinstance(f, string_types):
+        with open(f, "wb") as fp:
+            return s.save(fp, ob)
+    else:
+        return s.save(f, ob)
+
+
+def decode(bb, extensions=None, **options):
+    """ Load a (BSDF-encoded) structure from bytes.
+    See `BSDFSerializer` for details on extensions and options.
+    """
+    s = BsdfSerializer(extensions, **options)
+    return s.decode(bb)
+
+
+def load(f, extensions=None, **options):
+    """ Load a (BSDF-encoded) structure from the given filename or file object.
+    See `BSDFSerializer` for details on extensions and options.
+    """
+    s = BsdfSerializer(extensions, **options)
+    if isinstance(f, string_types):
+        if f.startswith(("~/", "~\\")):  # pragma: no cover
+            f = os.path.expanduser(f)
+        with open(f, "rb") as fp:
+            return s.load(fp)
+    else:
+        return s.load(f)
+
+
+# Aliases for json compat
+loads = decode
+dumps = encode
+
+
+# %% Standard extensions
+
+# Defining extensions as a dict would be more compact and feel lighter, but
+# that would only allow lambdas, which is too limiting, e.g. for ndarray
+# extension.
+
+
+class Extension(object):
+    """ Base class to implement BSDF extensions for special data types.
+
+    Extension classes are provided to the BSDF serializer, which
+    instantiates the class. That way, the extension can be somewhat dynamic:
+    e.g. the NDArrayExtension exposes the ndarray class only when numpy
+    is imported.
+
+    A extension instance must have two attributes. These can be attribiutes of
+    the class, or of the instance set in ``__init__()``:
+
+    * name (str): the name by which encoded values will be identified.
+    * cls (type): the type (or list of types) to match values with.
+      This is optional, but it makes the encoder select extensions faster.
+
+    Further, it needs 3 methods:
+
+    * `match(serializer, value) -> bool`: return whether the extension can
+      convert the given value. The default is ``isinstance(value, self.cls)``.
+    * `encode(serializer, value) -> encoded_value`: the function to encode a
+      value to more basic data types.
+    * `decode(serializer, encoded_value) -> value`: the function to decode an
+      encoded value back to its intended representation.
+
+    """
+
+    name = ""
+    cls = ()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<BSDF extension %r at 0x%s>" % (self.name, hex(id(self)))
+
+    def match(self, s, v):
+        return isinstance(v, self.cls)
+
+    def encode(self, s, v):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def decode(self, s, v):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ComplexExtension(Extension):
+
+    name = "c"
+    cls = complex
+
+    def encode(self, s, v):
+        return (v.real, v.imag)
+
+    def decode(self, s, v):
+        return complex(v[0], v[1])
+
+
+class NDArrayExtension(Extension):
+
+    name = "ndarray"
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        if "numpy" in sys.modules:
+            import numpy as np
+
+            self.cls = np.ndarray
+
+    def match(self, s, v):  # pragma: no cover - e.g. work for nd arrays in JS
+        return hasattr(v, "shape") and hasattr(v, "dtype") and hasattr(v, "tobytes")
+
+    def encode(self, s, v):
+        return dict(shape=v.shape, dtype=text_type(v.dtype), data=v.tobytes())
+
+    def decode(self, s, v):
+        try:
+            import numpy as np
+        except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+            return v
+        a = np.frombuffer(v["data"], dtype=v["dtype"])
+        a.shape = v["shape"]
+        return a
+
+
+standard_extensions = [ComplexExtension, NDArrayExtension]
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # Invoke CLI
+    import bsdf_cli
+
+    bsdf_cli.main()

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/_dicom.py

@@ -0,0 +1,926 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Plugin for reading DICOM files.
+"""
+
+# todo: Use pydicom:
+# * Note: is not py3k ready yet
+# * Allow reading the full meta info
+# I think we can more or less replace the SimpleDicomReader with a
+# pydicom.Dataset For series, only ned to read the full info from one
+# file: speed still high
+# * Perhaps allow writing?
+
+import sys
+import os
+import struct
+import logging
+
+import numpy as np
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# Determine endianity of system
+sys_is_little_endian = sys.byteorder == "little"
+
+# Define a dictionary that contains the tags that we would like to know
+MINIDICT = {
+    (0x7FE0, 0x0010): ("PixelData", "OB"),
+    # Date and time
+    (0x0008, 0x0020): ("StudyDate", "DA"),
+    (0x0008, 0x0021): ("SeriesDate", "DA"),
+    (0x0008, 0x0022): ("AcquisitionDate", "DA"),
+    (0x0008, 0x0023): ("ContentDate", "DA"),
+    (0x0008, 0x0030): ("StudyTime", "TM"),
+    (0x0008, 0x0031): ("SeriesTime", "TM"),
+    (0x0008, 0x0032): ("AcquisitionTime", "TM"),
+    (0x0008, 0x0033): ("ContentTime", "TM"),
+    # With what, where, by whom?
+    (0x0008, 0x0060): ("Modality", "CS"),
+    (0x0008, 0x0070): ("Manufacturer", "LO"),
+    (0x0008, 0x0080): ("InstitutionName", "LO"),
+    # Descriptions
+    (0x0008, 0x1030): ("StudyDescription", "LO"),
+    (0x0008, 0x103E): ("SeriesDescription", "LO"),
+    # UID's
+    (0x0008, 0x0016): ("SOPClassUID", "UI"),
+    (0x0008, 0x0018): ("SOPInstanceUID", "UI"),
+    (0x0020, 0x000D): ("StudyInstanceUID", "UI"),
+    (0x0020, 0x000E): ("SeriesInstanceUID", "UI"),
+    (0x0008, 0x0117): ("ContextUID", "UI"),
+    # Numbers
+    (0x0020, 0x0011): ("SeriesNumber", "IS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0012): ("AcquisitionNumber", "IS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0013): ("InstanceNumber", "IS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0014): ("IsotopeNumber", "IS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0015): ("PhaseNumber", "IS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0016): ("IntervalNumber", "IS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0017): ("TimeSlotNumber", "IS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0018): ("AngleNumber", "IS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0019): ("ItemNumber", "IS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0020): ("PatientOrientation", "CS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0030): ("ImagePosition", "CS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0032): ("ImagePositionPatient", "CS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0035): ("ImageOrientation", "CS"),
+    (0x0020, 0x0037): ("ImageOrientationPatient", "CS"),
+    # Patient information
+    (0x0010, 0x0010): ("PatientName", "PN"),
+    (0x0010, 0x0020): ("PatientID", "LO"),
+    (0x0010, 0x0030): ("PatientBirthDate", "DA"),
+    (0x0010, 0x0040): ("PatientSex", "CS"),
+    (0x0010, 0x1010): ("PatientAge", "AS"),
+    (0x0010, 0x1020): ("PatientSize", "DS"),
+    (0x0010, 0x1030): ("PatientWeight", "DS"),
+    # Image specific (required to construct numpy array)
+    (0x0028, 0x0002): ("SamplesPerPixel", "US"),
+    (0x0028, 0x0008): ("NumberOfFrames", "IS"),
+    (0x0028, 0x0100): ("BitsAllocated", "US"),
+    (0x0028, 0x0101): ("BitsStored", "US"),
+    (0x0028, 0x0102): ("HighBit", "US"),
+    (0x0028, 0x0103): ("PixelRepresentation", "US"),
+    (0x0028, 0x0010): ("Rows", "US"),
+    (0x0028, 0x0011): ("Columns", "US"),
+    (0x0028, 0x1052): ("RescaleIntercept", "DS"),
+    (0x0028, 0x1053): ("RescaleSlope", "DS"),
+    # Image specific (for the user)
+    (0x0028, 0x0030): ("PixelSpacing", "DS"),
+    (0x0018, 0x0088): ("SliceSpacing", "DS"),
+}
+
+# Define some special tags:
+# See PS 3.5-2008 section 7.5 (p.40)
+ItemTag = (0xFFFE, 0xE000)  # start of Sequence Item
+ItemDelimiterTag = (0xFFFE, 0xE00D)  # end of Sequence Item
+SequenceDelimiterTag = (0xFFFE, 0xE0DD)  # end of Sequence of undefined length
+
+# Define set of groups that we're interested in (so we can quickly skip others)
+GROUPS = set([key[0] for key in MINIDICT.keys()])
+VRS = set([val[1] for val in MINIDICT.values()])
+
+
+class NotADicomFile(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class CompressedDicom(RuntimeError):
+    pass
+
+
+class SimpleDicomReader(object):
+    """ 
+    This class provides reading of pixel data from DICOM files. It is 
+    focussed on getting the pixel data, not the meta info.
+    
+    To use, first create an instance of this class (giving it 
+    a file object or filename). Next use the info attribute to
+    get a dict of the meta data. The loading of pixel data is
+    deferred until get_numpy_array() is called.
+    
+    Comparison with Pydicom
+    -----------------------
+    
+    This code focusses on getting the pixel data out, which allows some
+    shortcuts, resulting in the code being much smaller.
+    
+    Since the processing of data elements is much cheaper (it skips a lot
+    of tags), this code is about 3x faster than pydicom (except for the
+    deflated DICOM files).
+    
+    This class does borrow some code (and ideas) from the pydicom
+    project, and (to the best of our knowledge) has the same limitations
+    as pydicom with regard to the type of files that it can handle.
+    
+    Limitations
+    -----------
+
+    For more advanced DICOM processing, please check out pydicom.
+    
+      * Only a predefined subset of data elements (meta information) is read.
+      * This is a reader; it can not write DICOM files.
+      * (just like pydicom) it can handle none of the compressed DICOM
+        formats except for "Deflated Explicit VR Little Endian"
+        (1.2.840.10008.1.2.1.99). 
+    
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, file):
+        # Open file if filename given
+        if isinstance(file, str):
+            self._filename = file
+            self._file = open(file, "rb")
+        else:
+            self._filename = "<unknown file>"
+            self._file = file
+        # Init variable to store position and size of pixel data
+        self._pixel_data_loc = None
+        # The meta header is always explicit and little endian
+        self.is_implicit_VR = False
+        self.is_little_endian = True
+        self._unpackPrefix = "<"
+        # Dict to store data elements of interest in
+        self._info = {}
+        # VR Conversion
+        self._converters = {
+            # Numbers
+            "US": lambda x: self._unpack("H", x),
+            "UL": lambda x: self._unpack("L", x),
+            # Numbers encoded as strings
+            "DS": lambda x: self._splitValues(x, float, "\\"),
+            "IS": lambda x: self._splitValues(x, int, "\\"),
+            # strings
+            "AS": lambda x: x.decode("ascii", "ignore").strip("\x00"),
+            "DA": lambda x: x.decode("ascii", "ignore").strip("\x00"),
+            "TM": lambda x: x.decode("ascii", "ignore").strip("\x00"),
+            "UI": lambda x: x.decode("ascii", "ignore").strip("\x00"),
+            "LO": lambda x: x.decode("utf-8", "ignore").strip("\x00").rstrip(),
+            "CS": lambda x: self._splitValues(x, float, "\\"),
+            "PN": lambda x: x.decode("utf-8", "ignore").strip("\x00").rstrip(),
+        }
+
+        # Initiate reading
+        self._read()
+
+    @property
+    def info(self):
+        return self._info
+
+    def _splitValues(self, x, type, splitter):
+        s = x.decode("ascii").strip("\x00")
+        try:
+            if splitter in s:
+                return tuple([type(v) for v in s.split(splitter) if v.strip()])
+            else:
+                return type(s)
+        except ValueError:
+            return s
+
+    def _unpack(self, fmt, value):
+        return struct.unpack(self._unpackPrefix + fmt, value)[0]
+
+    # Really only so we need minimal changes to _pixel_data_numpy
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._info.keys())
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        info = object.__getattribute__(self, "_info")
+        if key in info:
+            return info[key]
+        return object.__getattribute__(self, key)  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def _read(self):
+        f = self._file
+        # Check prefix after peamble
+        f.seek(128)
+        if f.read(4) != b"DICM":
+            raise NotADicomFile("Not a valid DICOM file.")
+        # Read
+        self._read_header()
+        self._read_data_elements()
+        self._get_shape_and_sampling()
+        # Close if done, reopen if necessary to read pixel data
+        if os.path.isfile(self._filename):
+            self._file.close()
+            self._file = None
+
+    def _readDataElement(self):
+        f = self._file
+        # Get group  and element
+        group = self._unpack("H", f.read(2))
+        element = self._unpack("H", f.read(2))
+        # Get value length
+        if self.is_implicit_VR:
+            vl = self._unpack("I", f.read(4))
+        else:
+            vr = f.read(2)
+            if vr in (b"OB", b"OW", b"SQ", b"UN"):
+                reserved = f.read(2)  # noqa
+                vl = self._unpack("I", f.read(4))
+            else:
+                vl = self._unpack("H", f.read(2))
+        # Get value
+        if group == 0x7FE0 and element == 0x0010:
+            here = f.tell()
+            self._pixel_data_loc = here, vl
+            f.seek(here + vl)
+            return group, element, b"Deferred loading of pixel data"
+        else:
+            if vl == 0xFFFFFFFF:
+                value = self._read_undefined_length_value()
+            else:
+                value = f.read(vl)
+            return group, element, value
+
+    def _read_undefined_length_value(self, read_size=128):
+        """ Copied (in compacted form) from PyDicom
+        Copyright Darcy Mason.
+        """
+        fp = self._file
+        # data_start = fp.tell()
+        search_rewind = 3
+        bytes_to_find = struct.pack(
+            self._unpackPrefix + "HH", SequenceDelimiterTag[0], SequenceDelimiterTag[1]
+        )
+
+        found = False
+        value_chunks = []
+        while not found:
+            chunk_start = fp.tell()
+            bytes_read = fp.read(read_size)
+            if len(bytes_read) < read_size:
+                # try again,
+                # if still don't get required amount, this is last block
+                new_bytes = fp.read(read_size - len(bytes_read))
+                bytes_read += new_bytes
+                if len(bytes_read) < read_size:
+                    raise EOFError(
+                        "End of file reached before sequence " "delimiter found."
+                    )
+            index = bytes_read.find(bytes_to_find)
+            if index != -1:
+                found = True
+                value_chunks.append(bytes_read[:index])
+                fp.seek(chunk_start + index + 4)  # rewind to end of delimiter
+                length = fp.read(4)
+                if length != b"\0\0\0\0":
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Expected 4 zero bytes after undefined length " "delimiter"
+                    )
+            else:
+                fp.seek(fp.tell() - search_rewind)  # rewind a bit
+                # accumulate the bytes read (not including the rewind)
+                value_chunks.append(bytes_read[:-search_rewind])
+
+        # if get here then have found the byte string
+        return b"".join(value_chunks)
+
+    def _read_header(self):
+        f = self._file
+        TransferSyntaxUID = None
+
+        # Read all elements, store transferSyntax when we encounter it
+        try:
+            while True:
+                fp_save = f.tell()
+                # Get element
+                group, element, value = self._readDataElement()
+                if group == 0x02:
+                    if group == 0x02 and element == 0x10:
+                        TransferSyntaxUID = value.decode("ascii").strip("\x00")
+                else:
+                    # No more group 2: rewind and break
+                    # (don't trust group length)
+                    f.seek(fp_save)
+                    break
+        except (EOFError, struct.error):  # pragma: no cover
+            raise RuntimeError("End of file reached while still in header.")
+
+        # Handle transfer syntax
+        self._info["TransferSyntaxUID"] = TransferSyntaxUID
+        #
+        if TransferSyntaxUID is None:
+            # Assume ExplicitVRLittleEndian
+            is_implicit_VR, is_little_endian = False, True
+        elif TransferSyntaxUID == "1.2.840.10008.1.2.1":
+            # ExplicitVRLittleEndian
+            is_implicit_VR, is_little_endian = False, True
+        elif TransferSyntaxUID == "1.2.840.10008.1.2.2":
+            # ExplicitVRBigEndian
+            is_implicit_VR, is_little_endian = False, False
+        elif TransferSyntaxUID == "1.2.840.10008.1.2":
+            # implicit VR little endian
+            is_implicit_VR, is_little_endian = True, True
+        elif TransferSyntaxUID == "1.2.840.10008.1.2.1.99":
+            # DeflatedExplicitVRLittleEndian:
+            is_implicit_VR, is_little_endian = False, True
+            self._inflate()
+        else:
+            # http://www.dicomlibrary.com/dicom/transfer-syntax/
+            t, extra_info = TransferSyntaxUID, ""
+            if "1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.50" <= t < "1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.99":
+                extra_info = " (JPEG)"
+            if "1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.90" <= t < "1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.99":
+                extra_info = " (JPEG 2000)"
+            if t == "1.2.840.10008.1.2.5":
+                extra_info = " (RLE)"
+            if t == "1.2.840.10008.1.2.6.1":
+                extra_info = " (RFC 2557)"
+            raise CompressedDicom(
+                "The dicom reader can only read files with "
+                "uncompressed image data - not %r%s. You "
+                "can try using dcmtk or gdcm to convert the "
+                "image." % (t, extra_info)
+            )
+
+        # From hereon, use implicit/explicit big/little endian
+        self.is_implicit_VR = is_implicit_VR
+        self.is_little_endian = is_little_endian
+        self._unpackPrefix = "><"[is_little_endian]
+
+    def _read_data_elements(self):
+        info = self._info
+        try:
+            while True:
+                # Get element
+                group, element, value = self._readDataElement()
+                # Is it a group we are interested in?
+                if group in GROUPS:
+                    key = (group, element)
+                    name, vr = MINIDICT.get(key, (None, None))
+                    # Is it an element we are interested in?
+                    if name:
+                        # Store value
+                        converter = self._converters.get(vr, lambda x: x)
+                        info[name] = converter(value)
+        except (EOFError, struct.error):
+            pass  # end of file ...
+
+    def get_numpy_array(self):
+        """ Get numpy arra for this DICOM file, with the correct shape,
+        and pixel values scaled appropriately.
+        """
+        # Is there pixel data at all?
+        if "PixelData" not in self:
+            raise TypeError("No pixel data found in this dataset.")
+
+        # Load it now if it was not already loaded
+        if self._pixel_data_loc and len(self.PixelData) < 100:
+            # Reopen file?
+            close_file = False
+            if self._file is None:
+                close_file = True
+                self._file = open(self._filename, "rb")
+            # Read data
+            self._file.seek(self._pixel_data_loc[0])
+            if self._pixel_data_loc[1] == 0xFFFFFFFF:
+                value = self._read_undefined_length_value()
+            else:
+                value = self._file.read(self._pixel_data_loc[1])
+            # Close file
+            if close_file:
+                self._file.close()
+                self._file = None
+            # Overwrite
+            self._info["PixelData"] = value
+
+        # Get data
+        data = self._pixel_data_numpy()
+        data = self._apply_slope_and_offset(data)
+
+        # Remove data again to preserve memory
+        # Note that the data for the original file is loaded twice ...
+        self._info["PixelData"] = (
+            b"Data converted to numpy array, " + b"raw data removed to preserve memory"
+        )
+        return data
+
+    def _get_shape_and_sampling(self):
+        """ Get shape and sampling without actuall using the pixel data.
+        In this way, the user can get an idea what's inside without having
+        to load it.
+        """
+        # Get shape (in the same way that pydicom does)
+        if "NumberOfFrames" in self and self.NumberOfFrames > 1:
+            if self.SamplesPerPixel > 1:
+                shape = (
+                    self.SamplesPerPixel,
+                    self.NumberOfFrames,
+                    self.Rows,
+                    self.Columns,
+                )
+            else:
+                shape = self.NumberOfFrames, self.Rows, self.Columns
+        elif "SamplesPerPixel" in self:
+            if self.SamplesPerPixel > 1:
+                if self.BitsAllocated == 8:
+                    shape = self.SamplesPerPixel, self.Rows, self.Columns
+                else:
+                    raise NotImplementedError(
+                        "DICOM plugin only handles "
+                        "SamplesPerPixel > 1 if Bits "
+                        "Allocated = 8"
+                    )
+            else:
+                shape = self.Rows, self.Columns
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "DICOM file has no SamplesPerPixel " "(perhaps this is a report?)"
+            )
+
+        # Try getting sampling between pixels
+        if "PixelSpacing" in self:
+            sampling = float(self.PixelSpacing[0]), float(self.PixelSpacing[1])
+        else:
+            sampling = 1.0, 1.0
+        if "SliceSpacing" in self:
+            sampling = (abs(self.SliceSpacing),) + sampling
+
+        # Ensure that sampling has as many elements as shape
+        sampling = (1.0,) * (len(shape) - len(sampling)) + sampling[-len(shape) :]
+
+        # Set shape and sampling
+        self._info["shape"] = shape
+        self._info["sampling"] = sampling
+
+    def _pixel_data_numpy(self):
+        """Return a NumPy array of the pixel data.
+        """
+        # Taken from pydicom
+        # Copyright (c) 2008-2012 Darcy Mason
+
+        if "PixelData" not in self:
+            raise TypeError("No pixel data found in this dataset.")
+
+        # determine the type used for the array
+        need_byteswap = self.is_little_endian != sys_is_little_endian
+
+        # Make NumPy format code, e.g. "uint16", "int32" etc
+        # from two pieces of info:
+        #    self.PixelRepresentation -- 0 for unsigned, 1 for signed;
+        #    self.BitsAllocated -- 8, 16, or 32
+        format_str = "%sint%d" % (
+            ("u", "")[self.PixelRepresentation],
+            self.BitsAllocated,
+        )
+        try:
+            numpy_format = np.dtype(format_str)
+        except TypeError:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Data type not understood by NumPy: format='%s', "
+                " PixelRepresentation=%d, BitsAllocated=%d"
+                % (numpy_format, self.PixelRepresentation, self.BitsAllocated)
+            )
+
+        # Have correct Numpy format, so create the NumPy array
+        arr = np.frombuffer(self.PixelData, numpy_format).copy()
+
+        # XXX byte swap - may later handle this in read_file!!?
+        if need_byteswap:
+            arr.byteswap(True)  # True means swap in-place, don't make new copy
+
+        # Note the following reshape operations return a new *view* onto arr,
+        # but don't copy the data
+        arr = arr.reshape(*self._info["shape"])
+        return arr
+
+    def _apply_slope_and_offset(self, data):
+        """ 
+        If RescaleSlope and RescaleIntercept are present in the data,
+        apply them. The data type of the data is changed if necessary.
+        """
+        # Obtain slope and offset
+        slope, offset = 1, 0
+        needFloats, needApplySlopeOffset = False, False
+        if "RescaleSlope" in self:
+            needApplySlopeOffset = True
+            slope = self.RescaleSlope
+        if "RescaleIntercept" in self:
+            needApplySlopeOffset = True
+            offset = self.RescaleIntercept
+        if int(slope) != slope or int(offset) != offset:
+            needFloats = True
+        if not needFloats:
+            slope, offset = int(slope), int(offset)
+
+        # Apply slope and offset
+        if needApplySlopeOffset:
+            # Maybe we need to change the datatype?
+            if data.dtype in [np.float32, np.float64]:
+                pass
+            elif needFloats:
+                data = data.astype(np.float32)
+            else:
+                # Determine required range
+                minReq, maxReq = data.min(), data.max()
+                minReq = min([minReq, minReq * slope + offset, maxReq * slope + offset])
+                maxReq = max([maxReq, minReq * slope + offset, maxReq * slope + offset])
+
+                # Determine required datatype from that
+                dtype = None
+                if minReq < 0:
+                    # Signed integer type
+                    maxReq = max([-minReq, maxReq])
+                    if maxReq < 2 ** 7:
+                        dtype = np.int8
+                    elif maxReq < 2 ** 15:
+                        dtype = np.int16
+                    elif maxReq < 2 ** 31:
+                        dtype = np.int32
+                    else:
+                        dtype = np.float32
+                else:
+                    # Unsigned integer type
+                    if maxReq < 2 ** 8:
+                        dtype = np.int8
+                    elif maxReq < 2 ** 16:
+                        dtype = np.int16
+                    elif maxReq < 2 ** 32:
+                        dtype = np.int32
+                    else:
+                        dtype = np.float32
+                # Change datatype
+                if dtype != data.dtype:
+                    data = data.astype(dtype)
+
+            # Apply slope and offset
+            data *= slope
+            data += offset
+
+        # Done
+        return data
+
+    def _inflate(self):
+        # Taken from pydicom
+        # Copyright (c) 2008-2012 Darcy Mason
+        import zlib
+        from io import BytesIO
+
+        # See PS3.6-2008 A.5 (p 71) -- when written, the entire dataset
+        #   following the file metadata was prepared the normal way,
+        #   then "deflate" compression applied.
+        #  All that is needed here is to decompress and then
+        #      use as normal in a file-like object
+        zipped = self._file.read()
+        # -MAX_WBITS part is from comp.lang.python answer:
+        # groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/msg/e95b3b38a71e6799
+        unzipped = zlib.decompress(zipped, -zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+        self._file = BytesIO(unzipped)  # a file-like object
+
+
+class DicomSeries(object):
+    """ DicomSeries
+    This class represents a serie of dicom files (SimpleDicomReader
+    objects) that belong together. If these are multiple files, they
+    represent the slices of a volume (like for CT or MRI).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, suid, progressIndicator):
+        # Init dataset list and the callback
+        self._entries = []
+
+        # Init props
+        self._suid = suid
+        self._info = {}
+        self._progressIndicator = progressIndicator
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._entries)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._entries)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        return self._entries[index]
+
+    @property
+    def suid(self):
+        return self._suid
+
+    @property
+    def shape(self):
+        """ The shape of the data (nz, ny, nx). """
+        return self._info["shape"]
+
+    @property
+    def sampling(self):
+        """ The sampling (voxel distances) of the data (dz, dy, dx). """
+        return self._info["sampling"]
+
+    @property
+    def info(self):
+        """ A dictionary containing the information as present in the
+        first dicomfile of this serie. None if there are no entries. """
+        return self._info
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        """ A description of the dicom series. Used fields are
+        PatientName, shape of the data, SeriesDescription, and
+        ImageComments.
+        """
+        info = self.info
+
+        # If no info available, return simple description
+        if not info:  # pragma: no cover
+            return "DicomSeries containing %i images" % len(self)
+
+        fields = []
+        # Give patient name
+        if "PatientName" in info:
+            fields.append("" + info["PatientName"])
+        # Also add dimensions
+        if self.shape:
+            tmp = [str(d) for d in self.shape]
+            fields.append("x".join(tmp))
+        # Try adding more fields
+        if "SeriesDescription" in info:
+            fields.append("'" + info["SeriesDescription"] + "'")
+        if "ImageComments" in info:
+            fields.append("'" + info["ImageComments"] + "'")
+
+        # Combine
+        return " ".join(fields)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        adr = hex(id(self)).upper()
+        return "<DicomSeries with %i images at %s>" % (len(self), adr)
+
+    def get_numpy_array(self):
+        """ Get (load) the data that this DicomSeries represents, and return
+        it as a numpy array. If this serie contains multiple images, the
+        resulting array is 3D, otherwise it's 2D.
+        """
+
+        # It's easy if no file or if just a single file
+        if len(self) == 0:
+            raise ValueError("Serie does not contain any files.")
+        elif len(self) == 1:
+            return self[0].get_numpy_array()
+
+        # Check info
+        if self.info is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot return volume if series not finished.")
+
+        # Init data (using what the dicom packaged produces as a reference)
+        slice = self[0].get_numpy_array()
+        vol = np.zeros(self.shape, dtype=slice.dtype)
+        vol[0] = slice
+
+        # Fill volume
+        self._progressIndicator.start("loading data", "", len(self))
+        for z in range(1, len(self)):
+            vol[z] = self[z].get_numpy_array()
+            self._progressIndicator.set_progress(z + 1)
+        self._progressIndicator.finish()
+
+        # Done
+        import gc
+
+        gc.collect()
+        return vol
+
+    def _append(self, dcm):
+        self._entries.append(dcm)
+
+    def _sort(self):
+        self._entries.sort(key=lambda k: k.InstanceNumber)
+
+    def _finish(self):
+        """
+        Evaluate the series of dicom files. Together they should make up
+        a volumetric dataset. This means the files should meet certain
+        conditions. Also some additional information has to be calculated,
+        such as the distance between the slices. This method sets the
+        attributes for "shape", "sampling" and "info".
+
+        This method checks:
+          * that there are no missing files
+          * that the dimensions of all images match
+          * that the pixel spacing of all images match
+        """
+
+        # The datasets list should be sorted by instance number
+        L = self._entries
+        if len(L) == 0:
+            return
+        elif len(L) == 1:
+            self._info = L[0].info
+            return
+
+        # Get previous
+        ds1 = L[0]
+        # Init measures to calculate average of
+        distance_sum = 0.0
+        # Init measures to check (these are in 2D)
+        dimensions = ds1.Rows, ds1.Columns
+        # sampling = float(ds1.PixelSpacing[0]), float(ds1.PixelSpacing[1])
+        sampling = ds1.info["sampling"][:2]  # row, column
+
+        for index in range(len(L)):
+            # The first round ds1 and ds2 will be the same, for the
+            # distance calculation this does not matter
+            # Get current
+            ds2 = L[index]
+            # Get positions
+            pos1 = float(ds1.ImagePositionPatient[2])
+            pos2 = float(ds2.ImagePositionPatient[2])
+            # Update distance_sum to calculate distance later
+            distance_sum += abs(pos1 - pos2)
+            # Test measures
+            dimensions2 = ds2.Rows, ds2.Columns
+            # sampling2 = float(ds2.PixelSpacing[0]), float(ds2.PixelSpacing[1])
+            sampling2 = ds2.info["sampling"][:2]  # row, column
+            if dimensions != dimensions2:
+                # We cannot produce a volume if the dimensions match
+                raise ValueError("Dimensions of slices does not match.")
+            if sampling != sampling2:
+                # We can still produce a volume, but we should notify the user
+                self._progressIndicator.write("Warn: sampling does not match.")
+            # Store previous
+            ds1 = ds2
+
+        # Finish calculating average distance
+        # (Note that there are len(L)-1 distances)
+        distance_mean = distance_sum / (len(L) - 1)
+
+        # Set info dict
+        self._info = L[0].info.copy()
+
+        # Store information that is specific for the serie
+        self._info["shape"] = (len(L),) + ds2.info["shape"]
+        self._info["sampling"] = (distance_mean,) + ds2.info["sampling"]
+
+
+def list_files(files, path):
+    """List all files in the directory, recursively. """
+    for item in os.listdir(path):
+        item = os.path.join(path, item)
+        if os.path.isdir(item):
+            list_files(files, item)
+        elif os.path.isfile(item):
+            files.append(item)
+
+
+def process_directory(request, progressIndicator, readPixelData=False):
+    """
+    Reads dicom files and returns a list of DicomSeries objects, which
+    contain information about the data, and can be used to load the
+    image or volume data.
+    
+    if readPixelData is True, the pixel data of all series is read. By
+    default the loading of pixeldata is deferred until it is requested
+    using the DicomSeries.get_pixel_array() method. In general, both
+    methods should be equally fast.
+    """
+    # Get directory to examine
+    if os.path.isdir(request.filename):
+        path = request.filename
+    elif os.path.isfile(request.filename):
+        path = os.path.dirname(request.filename)
+    else:  # pragma: no cover - tested earlier
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Dicom plugin needs a valid filename to examine " "the directory"
+        )
+
+    # Check files
+    files = []
+    list_files(files, path)  # Find files recursively
+
+    # Gather file data and put in DicomSeries
+    series = {}
+    count = 0
+    progressIndicator.start("examining files", "files", len(files))
+    for filename in files:
+        # Show progress (note that we always start with a 0.0)
+        count += 1
+        progressIndicator.set_progress(count)
+        # Skip DICOMDIR files
+        if filename.count("DICOMDIR"):  # pragma: no cover
+            continue
+        # Try loading dicom ...
+        try:
+            dcm = SimpleDicomReader(filename)
+        except NotADicomFile:
+            continue  # skip non-dicom file
+        except Exception as why:  # pragma: no cover
+            progressIndicator.write(str(why))
+            continue
+        # Get SUID and register the file with an existing or new series object
+        try:
+            suid = dcm.SeriesInstanceUID
+        except AttributeError:  # pragma: no cover
+            continue  # some other kind of dicom file
+        if suid not in series:
+            series[suid] = DicomSeries(suid, progressIndicator)
+        series[suid]._append(dcm)
+
+    # Finish progress
+    # progressIndicator.finish('Found %i series.' % len(series))
+
+    # Make a list and sort, so that the order is deterministic
+    series = list(series.values())
+    series.sort(key=lambda x: x.suid)
+
+    # Split series if necessary
+    for serie in reversed([serie for serie in series]):
+        splitSerieIfRequired(serie, series, progressIndicator)
+
+    # Finish all series
+    # progressIndicator.start('analyse series', '', len(series))
+    series_ = []
+    for i in range(len(series)):
+        try:
+            series[i]._finish()
+            series_.append(series[i])
+        except Exception as err:  # pragma: no cover
+            progressIndicator.write(str(err))
+            pass  # Skip serie (probably report-like file without pixels)
+        # progressIndicator.set_progress(i+1)
+    progressIndicator.finish("Found %i correct series." % len(series_))
+
+    # Done
+    return series_
+
+
+def splitSerieIfRequired(serie, series, progressIndicator):
+    """ 
+    Split the serie in multiple series if this is required. The choice
+    is based on examing the image position relative to the previous
+    image. If it differs too much, it is assumed that there is a new
+    dataset. This can happen for example in unspitted gated CT data.
+    """
+
+    # Sort the original list and get local name
+    serie._sort()
+    L = serie._entries
+    # Init previous slice
+    ds1 = L[0]
+    # Check whether we can do this
+    if "ImagePositionPatient" not in ds1:
+        return
+    # Initialize a list of new lists
+    L2 = [[ds1]]
+    # Init slice distance estimate
+    distance = 0
+
+    for index in range(1, len(L)):
+        # Get current slice
+        ds2 = L[index]
+        # Get positions
+        pos1 = float(ds1.ImagePositionPatient[2])
+        pos2 = float(ds2.ImagePositionPatient[2])
+        # Get distances
+        newDist = abs(pos1 - pos2)
+        # deltaDist = abs(firstPos-pos2)
+        # If the distance deviates more than 2x from what we've seen,
+        # we can agree it's a new dataset.
+        if distance and newDist > 2.1 * distance:
+            L2.append([])
+            distance = 0
+        else:
+            # Test missing file
+            if distance and newDist > 1.5 * distance:
+                progressIndicator.write(
+                    "Warning: missing file after %r" % ds1._filename
+                )
+            distance = newDist
+        # Add to last list
+        L2[-1].append(ds2)
+        # Store previous
+        ds1 = ds2
+
+    # Split if we should
+    if len(L2) > 1:
+        # At what position are we now?
+        i = series.index(serie)
+        # Create new series
+        series2insert = []
+        for L in L2:
+            newSerie = DicomSeries(serie.suid, progressIndicator)
+            newSerie._entries = L
+            series2insert.append(newSerie)
+        # Insert series and remove self
+        for newSerie in reversed(series2insert):
+            series.insert(i, newSerie)
+        series.remove(serie)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/_swf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,902 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+# This code was taken from visvis/vvmovy/images2swf.py
+
+# styletest: ignore E261
+
+"""
+Provides a function (write_swf) to store a series of numpy arrays in an
+SWF movie, that can be played on a wide range of OS's.
+
+In desperation of wanting to share animated images, and then lacking a good
+writer for animated gif or .avi, I decided to look into SWF. This format
+is very well documented.
+
+This is a pure python module to create an SWF file that shows a series
+of images. The images are stored using the DEFLATE algorithm (same as
+PNG and ZIP and which is included in the standard Python distribution).
+As this compression algorithm is much more effective than that used in
+GIF images, we obtain better quality (24 bit colors + alpha channel)
+while still producesing smaller files (a test showed ~75%). Although
+SWF also allows for JPEG compression, doing so would probably require
+a third party library for the JPEG encoding/decoding, we could
+perhaps do this via Pillow or freeimage.
+
+sources and tools:
+
+- SWF on wikipedia
+- Adobes "SWF File Format Specification" version 10
+  (http://www.adobe.com/devnet/swf/pdf/swf_file_format_spec_v10.pdf)
+- swftools (swfdump in specific) for debugging
+- iwisoft swf2avi can be used to convert swf to avi/mpg/flv with really
+  good quality, while file size is reduced with factors 20-100.
+  A good program in my opinion. The free version has the limitation
+  of a watermark in the upper left corner.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import zlib
+import time  # noqa
+import logging
+
+import numpy as np
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# todo: use Pillow to support reading JPEG images from SWF?
+
+
+## Base functions and classes
+
+
+class BitArray:
+    """ Dynamic array of bits that automatically resizes
+    with factors of two.
+    Append bits using .append() or +=
+    You can reverse bits using .reverse()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, initvalue=None):
+        self.data = np.zeros((16,), dtype=np.uint8)
+        self._len = 0
+        if initvalue is not None:
+            self.append(initvalue)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self._len  # self.data.shape[0]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.data[: self._len].tostring().decode("ascii")
+
+    def _checkSize(self):
+        # check length... grow if necessary
+        arraylen = self.data.shape[0]
+        if self._len >= arraylen:
+            tmp = np.zeros((arraylen * 2,), dtype=np.uint8)
+            tmp[: self._len] = self.data[: self._len]
+            self.data = tmp
+
+    def __add__(self, value):
+        self.append(value)
+        return self
+
+    def append(self, bits):
+
+        # check input
+        if isinstance(bits, BitArray):
+            bits = str(bits)
+        if isinstance(bits, int):  # pragma: no cover - we dont use it
+            bits = str(bits)
+        if not isinstance(bits, str):  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError("Append bits as strings or integers!")
+
+        # add bits
+        for bit in bits:
+            self.data[self._len] = ord(bit)
+            self._len += 1
+            self._checkSize()
+
+    def reverse(self):
+        """ In-place reverse. """
+        tmp = self.data[: self._len].copy()
+        self.data[: self._len] = tmp[::-1]
+
+    def tobytes(self):
+        """ Convert to bytes. If necessary,
+        zeros are padded to the end (right side).
+        """
+        bits = str(self)
+
+        # determine number of bytes
+        nbytes = 0
+        while nbytes * 8 < len(bits):
+            nbytes += 1
+        # pad
+        bits = bits.ljust(nbytes * 8, "0")
+
+        # go from bits to bytes
+        bb = bytes()
+        for i in range(nbytes):
+            tmp = int(bits[i * 8 : (i + 1) * 8], 2)
+            bb += int2uint8(tmp)
+
+        # done
+        return bb
+
+
+def int2uint32(i):
+    return int(i).to_bytes(4, "little")
+
+
+def int2uint16(i):
+    return int(i).to_bytes(2, "little")
+
+
+def int2uint8(i):
+    return int(i).to_bytes(1, "little")
+
+
+def int2bits(i, n=None):
+    """ convert int to a string of bits (0's and 1's in a string),
+    pad to n elements. Convert back using int(ss,2). """
+    ii = i
+
+    # make bits
+    bb = BitArray()
+    while ii > 0:
+        bb += str(ii % 2)
+        ii = ii >> 1
+    bb.reverse()
+
+    # justify
+    if n is not None:
+        if len(bb) > n:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError("int2bits fail: len larger than padlength.")
+        bb = str(bb).rjust(n, "0")
+
+    # done
+    return BitArray(bb)
+
+
+def bits2int(bb, n=8):
+    # Init
+    value = ""
+
+    # Get value in bits
+    for i in range(len(bb)):
+        b = bb[i : i + 1]
+        tmp = bin(ord(b))[2:]
+        # value += tmp.rjust(8,'0')
+        value = tmp.rjust(8, "0") + value
+
+    # Make decimal
+    return int(value[:n], 2)
+
+
+def get_type_and_len(bb):
+    """ bb should be 6 bytes at least
+    Return (type, length, length_of_full_tag)
+    """
+    # Init
+    value = ""
+
+    # Get first 16 bits
+    for i in range(2):
+        b = bb[i : i + 1]
+        tmp = bin(ord(b))[2:]
+        # value += tmp.rjust(8,'0')
+        value = tmp.rjust(8, "0") + value
+
+    # Get type and length
+    type = int(value[:10], 2)
+    L = int(value[10:], 2)
+    L2 = L + 2
+
+    # Long tag header?
+    if L == 63:  # '111111'
+        value = ""
+        for i in range(2, 6):
+            b = bb[i : i + 1]  # becomes a single-byte bytes()
+            tmp = bin(ord(b))[2:]
+            # value += tmp.rjust(8,'0')
+            value = tmp.rjust(8, "0") + value
+        L = int(value, 2)
+        L2 = L + 6
+
+    # Done
+    return type, L, L2
+
+
+def signedint2bits(i, n=None):
+    """ convert signed int to a string of bits (0's and 1's in a string),
+    pad to n elements. Negative numbers are stored in 2's complement bit
+    patterns, thus positive numbers always start with a 0.
+    """
+
+    # negative number?
+    ii = i
+    if i < 0:
+        # A negative number, -n, is represented as the bitwise opposite of
+        ii = abs(ii) - 1  # the positive-zero number n-1.
+
+    # make bits
+    bb = BitArray()
+    while ii > 0:
+        bb += str(ii % 2)
+        ii = ii >> 1
+    bb.reverse()
+
+    # justify
+    bb = "0" + str(bb)  # always need the sign bit in front
+    if n is not None:
+        if len(bb) > n:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError("signedint2bits fail: len larger than padlength.")
+        bb = bb.rjust(n, "0")
+
+    # was it negative? (then opposite bits)
+    if i < 0:
+        bb = bb.replace("0", "x").replace("1", "0").replace("x", "1")
+
+    # done
+    return BitArray(bb)
+
+
+def twits2bits(arr):
+    """ Given a few (signed) numbers, store them
+    as compactly as possible in the wat specifief by the swf format.
+    The numbers are multiplied by 20, assuming they
+    are twits.
+    Can be used to make the RECT record.
+    """
+
+    # first determine length using non justified bit strings
+    maxlen = 1
+    for i in arr:
+        tmp = len(signedint2bits(i * 20))
+        if tmp > maxlen:
+            maxlen = tmp
+
+    # build array
+    bits = int2bits(maxlen, 5)
+    for i in arr:
+        bits += signedint2bits(i * 20, maxlen)
+
+    return bits
+
+
+def floats2bits(arr):
+    """ Given a few (signed) numbers, convert them to bits,
+    stored as FB (float bit values). We always use 16.16.
+    Negative numbers are not (yet) possible, because I don't
+    know how the're implemented (ambiguity).
+    """
+    bits = int2bits(31, 5)  # 32 does not fit in 5 bits!
+    for i in arr:
+        if i < 0:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError("Dit not implement negative floats!")
+        i1 = int(i)
+        i2 = i - i1
+        bits += int2bits(i1, 15)
+        bits += int2bits(i2 * 2 ** 16, 16)
+    return bits
+
+
+## Base Tag
+
+
+class Tag:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.bytes = bytes()
+        self.tagtype = -1
+
+    def process_tag(self):
+        """ Implement this to create the tag. """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_tag(self):
+        """ Calls processTag and attaches the header. """
+        self.process_tag()
+
+        # tag to binary
+        bits = int2bits(self.tagtype, 10)
+
+        # complete header uint16 thing
+        bits += "1" * 6  # = 63 = 0x3f
+        # make uint16
+        bb = int2uint16(int(str(bits), 2))
+
+        # now add 32bit length descriptor
+        bb += int2uint32(len(self.bytes))
+
+        # done, attach and return
+        bb += self.bytes
+        return bb
+
+    def make_rect_record(self, xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax):
+        """ Simply uses makeCompactArray to produce
+        a RECT Record. """
+        return twits2bits([xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax])
+
+    def make_matrix_record(self, scale_xy=None, rot_xy=None, trans_xy=None):
+
+        # empty matrix?
+        if scale_xy is None and rot_xy is None and trans_xy is None:
+            return "0" * 8
+
+        # init
+        bits = BitArray()
+
+        # scale
+        if scale_xy:
+            bits += "1"
+            bits += floats2bits([scale_xy[0], scale_xy[1]])
+        else:
+            bits += "0"
+
+        # rotation
+        if rot_xy:
+            bits += "1"
+            bits += floats2bits([rot_xy[0], rot_xy[1]])
+        else:
+            bits += "0"
+
+        # translation (no flag here)
+        if trans_xy:
+            bits += twits2bits([trans_xy[0], trans_xy[1]])
+        else:
+            bits += twits2bits([0, 0])
+
+        # done
+        return bits
+
+
+## Control tags
+
+
+class ControlTag(Tag):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Tag.__init__(self)
+
+
+class FileAttributesTag(ControlTag):
+    def __init__(self):
+        ControlTag.__init__(self)
+        self.tagtype = 69
+
+    def process_tag(self):
+        self.bytes = "\x00".encode("ascii") * (1 + 3)
+
+
+class ShowFrameTag(ControlTag):
+    def __init__(self):
+        ControlTag.__init__(self)
+        self.tagtype = 1
+
+    def process_tag(self):
+        self.bytes = bytes()
+
+
+class SetBackgroundTag(ControlTag):
+    """ Set the color in 0-255, or 0-1 (if floats given). """
+
+    def __init__(self, *rgb):
+        self.tagtype = 9
+        if len(rgb) == 1:
+            rgb = rgb[0]
+        self.rgb = rgb
+
+    def process_tag(self):
+        bb = bytes()
+        for i in range(3):
+            clr = self.rgb[i]
+            if isinstance(clr, float):  # pragma: no cover - not used
+                clr = clr * 255
+            bb += int2uint8(clr)
+        self.bytes = bb
+
+
+class DoActionTag(Tag):
+    def __init__(self, action="stop"):
+        Tag.__init__(self)
+        self.tagtype = 12
+        self.actions = [action]
+
+    def append(self, action):  # pragma: no cover - not used
+        self.actions.append(action)
+
+    def process_tag(self):
+        bb = bytes()
+
+        for action in self.actions:
+            action = action.lower()
+            if action == "stop":
+                bb += "\x07".encode("ascii")
+            elif action == "play":  # pragma: no cover - not used
+                bb += "\x06".encode("ascii")
+            else:  # pragma: no cover
+                logger.warning("unkown action: %s" % action)
+
+        bb += int2uint8(0)
+        self.bytes = bb
+
+
+## Definition tags
+class DefinitionTag(Tag):
+    counter = 0  # to give automatically id's
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        Tag.__init__(self)
+        DefinitionTag.counter += 1
+        self.id = DefinitionTag.counter  # id in dictionary
+
+
+class BitmapTag(DefinitionTag):
+    def __init__(self, im):
+        DefinitionTag.__init__(self)
+        self.tagtype = 36  # DefineBitsLossless2
+
+        # convert image (note that format is ARGB)
+        # even a grayscale image is stored in ARGB, nevertheless,
+        # the fabilous deflate compression will make it that not much
+        # more data is required for storing (25% or so, and less than 10%
+        # when storing RGB as ARGB).
+
+        if len(im.shape) == 3:
+            if im.shape[2] in [3, 4]:
+                tmp = np.ones((im.shape[0], im.shape[1], 4), dtype=np.uint8) * 255
+                for i in range(3):
+                    tmp[:, :, i + 1] = im[:, :, i]
+                if im.shape[2] == 4:
+                    tmp[:, :, 0] = im[:, :, 3]  # swap channel where alpha is
+            else:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise ValueError("Invalid shape to be an image.")
+
+        elif len(im.shape) == 2:
+            tmp = np.ones((im.shape[0], im.shape[1], 4), dtype=np.uint8) * 255
+            for i in range(3):
+                tmp[:, :, i + 1] = im[:, :]
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError("Invalid shape to be an image.")
+
+        # we changed the image to uint8 4 channels.
+        # now compress!
+        self._data = zlib.compress(tmp.tostring(), zlib.DEFLATED)
+        self.imshape = im.shape
+
+    def process_tag(self):
+
+        # build tag
+        bb = bytes()
+        bb += int2uint16(self.id)  # CharacterID
+        bb += int2uint8(5)  # BitmapFormat
+        bb += int2uint16(self.imshape[1])  # BitmapWidth
+        bb += int2uint16(self.imshape[0])  # BitmapHeight
+        bb += self._data  # ZlibBitmapData
+
+        self.bytes = bb
+
+
+class PlaceObjectTag(ControlTag):
+    def __init__(self, depth, idToPlace=None, xy=(0, 0), move=False):
+        ControlTag.__init__(self)
+        self.tagtype = 26
+        self.depth = depth
+        self.idToPlace = idToPlace
+        self.xy = xy
+        self.move = move
+
+    def process_tag(self):
+        # retrieve stuff
+        depth = self.depth
+        xy = self.xy
+        id = self.idToPlace
+
+        # build PlaceObject2
+        bb = bytes()
+        if self.move:
+            bb += "\x07".encode("ascii")
+        else:
+            # (8 bit flags): 4:matrix, 2:character, 1:move
+            bb += "\x06".encode("ascii")
+        bb += int2uint16(depth)  # Depth
+        bb += int2uint16(id)  # character id
+        bb += self.make_matrix_record(trans_xy=xy).tobytes()  # MATRIX record
+        self.bytes = bb
+
+
+class ShapeTag(DefinitionTag):
+    def __init__(self, bitmapId, xy, wh):
+        DefinitionTag.__init__(self)
+        self.tagtype = 2
+        self.bitmapId = bitmapId
+        self.xy = xy
+        self.wh = wh
+
+    def process_tag(self):
+        """ Returns a defineshape tag. with a bitmap fill """
+
+        bb = bytes()
+        bb += int2uint16(self.id)
+        xy, wh = self.xy, self.wh
+        tmp = self.make_rect_record(xy[0], wh[0], xy[1], wh[1])  # ShapeBounds
+        bb += tmp.tobytes()
+
+        # make SHAPEWITHSTYLE structure
+
+        # first entry: FILLSTYLEARRAY with in it a single fill style
+        bb += int2uint8(1)  # FillStyleCount
+        bb += "\x41".encode("ascii")  # FillStyleType (0x41 or 0x43 unsmoothed)
+        bb += int2uint16(self.bitmapId)  # BitmapId
+        # bb += '\x00' # BitmapMatrix (empty matrix with leftover bits filled)
+        bb += self.make_matrix_record(scale_xy=(20, 20)).tobytes()
+
+        #         # first entry: FILLSTYLEARRAY with in it a single fill style
+        #         bb += int2uint8(1)  # FillStyleCount
+        #         bb += '\x00' # solid fill
+        #         bb += '\x00\x00\xff' # color
+
+        # second entry: LINESTYLEARRAY with a single line style
+        bb += int2uint8(0)  # LineStyleCount
+        # bb += int2uint16(0*20) # Width
+        # bb += '\x00\xff\x00'  # Color
+
+        # third and fourth entry: NumFillBits and NumLineBits (4 bits each)
+        # I each give them four bits, so 16 styles possible.
+        bb += "\x44".encode("ascii")
+
+        self.bytes = bb
+
+        # last entries: SHAPERECORDs ... (individual shape records not aligned)
+        # STYLECHANGERECORD
+        bits = BitArray()
+        bits += self.make_style_change_record(0, 1, moveTo=(self.wh[0], self.wh[1]))
+        # STRAIGHTEDGERECORD 4x
+        bits += self.make_straight_edge_record(-self.wh[0], 0)
+        bits += self.make_straight_edge_record(0, -self.wh[1])
+        bits += self.make_straight_edge_record(self.wh[0], 0)
+        bits += self.make_straight_edge_record(0, self.wh[1])
+
+        # ENDSHAPRECORD
+        bits += self.make_end_shape_record()
+
+        self.bytes += bits.tobytes()
+
+        # done
+        # self.bytes = bb
+
+    def make_style_change_record(self, lineStyle=None, fillStyle=None, moveTo=None):
+
+        # first 6 flags
+        # Note that we use FillStyle1. If we don't flash (at least 8) does not
+        # recognize the frames properly when importing to library.
+
+        bits = BitArray()
+        bits += "0"  # TypeFlag (not an edge record)
+        bits += "0"  # StateNewStyles (only for DefineShape2 and Defineshape3)
+        if lineStyle:
+            bits += "1"  # StateLineStyle
+        else:
+            bits += "0"
+        if fillStyle:
+            bits += "1"  # StateFillStyle1
+        else:
+            bits += "0"
+        bits += "0"  # StateFillStyle0
+        if moveTo:
+            bits += "1"  # StateMoveTo
+        else:
+            bits += "0"
+
+        # give information
+        # todo: nbits for fillStyle and lineStyle is hard coded.
+
+        if moveTo:
+            bits += twits2bits([moveTo[0], moveTo[1]])
+        if fillStyle:
+            bits += int2bits(fillStyle, 4)
+        if lineStyle:
+            bits += int2bits(lineStyle, 4)
+
+        return bits
+
+    def make_straight_edge_record(self, *dxdy):
+        if len(dxdy) == 1:
+            dxdy = dxdy[0]
+
+        # determine required number of bits
+        xbits = signedint2bits(dxdy[0] * 20)
+        ybits = signedint2bits(dxdy[1] * 20)
+        nbits = max([len(xbits), len(ybits)])
+
+        bits = BitArray()
+        bits += "11"  # TypeFlag and StraightFlag
+        bits += int2bits(nbits - 2, 4)
+        bits += "1"  # GeneralLineFlag
+        bits += signedint2bits(dxdy[0] * 20, nbits)
+        bits += signedint2bits(dxdy[1] * 20, nbits)
+
+        # note: I do not make use of vertical/horizontal only lines...
+
+        return bits
+
+    def make_end_shape_record(self):
+        bits = BitArray()
+        bits += "0"  # TypeFlag: no edge
+        bits += "0" * 5  # EndOfShape
+        return bits
+
+
+def read_pixels(bb, i, tagType, L1):
+    """ With pf's seed after the recordheader, reads the pixeldata.
+    """
+
+    # Get info
+    charId = bb[i : i + 2]  # noqa
+    i += 2
+    format = ord(bb[i : i + 1])
+    i += 1
+    width = bits2int(bb[i : i + 2], 16)
+    i += 2
+    height = bits2int(bb[i : i + 2], 16)
+    i += 2
+
+    # If we can, get pixeldata and make numpy array
+    if format != 5:
+        logger.warning("Can only read 24bit or 32bit RGB(A) lossless images.")
+    else:
+        # Read byte data
+        offset = 2 + 1 + 2 + 2  # all the info bits
+        bb2 = bb[i : i + (L1 - offset)]
+
+        # Decompress and make numpy array
+        data = zlib.decompress(bb2)
+        a = np.frombuffer(data, dtype=np.uint8)
+
+        # Set shape
+        if tagType == 20:
+            # DefineBitsLossless - RGB data
+            try:
+                a.shape = height, width, 3
+            except Exception:
+                # Byte align stuff might cause troubles
+                logger.warning("Cannot read image due to byte alignment")
+        if tagType == 36:
+            # DefineBitsLossless2 - ARGB data
+            a.shape = height, width, 4
+            # Swap alpha channel to make RGBA
+            b = a
+            a = np.zeros_like(a)
+            a[:, :, 0] = b[:, :, 1]
+            a[:, :, 1] = b[:, :, 2]
+            a[:, :, 2] = b[:, :, 3]
+            a[:, :, 3] = b[:, :, 0]
+
+        return a
+
+
+## Last few functions
+
+
+# These are the original public functions, we don't use them, but we
+# keep it so that in principle this module can be used stand-alone.
+
+
+def checkImages(images):  # pragma: no cover
+    """ checkImages(images)
+    Check numpy images and correct intensity range etc.
+    The same for all movie formats.
+    """
+    # Init results
+    images2 = []
+
+    for im in images:
+        if isinstance(im, np.ndarray):
+            # Check and convert dtype
+            if im.dtype == np.uint8:
+                images2.append(im)  # Ok
+            elif im.dtype in [np.float32, np.float64]:
+                theMax = im.max()
+                if 128 < theMax < 300:
+                    pass  # assume 0:255
+                else:
+                    im = im.copy()
+                    im[im < 0] = 0
+                    im[im > 1] = 1
+                    im *= 255
+                images2.append(im.astype(np.uint8))
+            else:
+                im = im.astype(np.uint8)
+                images2.append(im)
+            # Check size
+            if im.ndim == 2:
+                pass  # ok
+            elif im.ndim == 3:
+                if im.shape[2] not in [3, 4]:
+                    raise ValueError("This array can not represent an image.")
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("This array can not represent an image.")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid image type: " + str(type(im)))
+
+    # Done
+    return images2
+
+
+def build_file(
+    fp, taglist, nframes=1, framesize=(500, 500), fps=10, version=8
+):  # pragma: no cover
+    """ Give the given file (as bytes) a header. """
+
+    # compose header
+    bb = bytes()
+    bb += "F".encode("ascii")  # uncompressed
+    bb += "WS".encode("ascii")  # signature bytes
+    bb += int2uint8(version)  # version
+    bb += "0000".encode("ascii")  # FileLength (leave open for now)
+    bb += Tag().make_rect_record(0, framesize[0], 0, framesize[1]).tobytes()
+    bb += int2uint8(0) + int2uint8(fps)  # FrameRate
+    bb += int2uint16(nframes)
+    fp.write(bb)
+
+    # produce all tags
+    for tag in taglist:
+        fp.write(tag.get_tag())
+
+    # finish with end tag
+    fp.write("\x00\x00".encode("ascii"))
+
+    # set size
+    sze = fp.tell()
+    fp.seek(4)
+    fp.write(int2uint32(sze))
+
+
+def write_swf(filename, images, duration=0.1, repeat=True):  # pragma: no cover
+    """Write an swf-file from the specified images. If repeat is False,
+    the movie is finished with a stop action. Duration may also
+    be a list with durations for each frame (note that the duration
+    for each frame is always an integer amount of the minimum duration.)
+
+    Images should be a list consisting numpy arrays with values between
+    0 and 255 for integer types, and between 0 and 1 for float types.
+
+    """
+
+    # Check images
+    images2 = checkImages(images)
+
+    # Init
+    taglist = [FileAttributesTag(), SetBackgroundTag(0, 0, 0)]
+
+    # Check duration
+    if hasattr(duration, "__len__"):
+        if len(duration) == len(images2):
+            duration = [d for d in duration]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("len(duration) doesn't match amount of images.")
+    else:
+        duration = [duration for im in images2]
+
+    # Build delays list
+    minDuration = float(min(duration))
+    delays = [round(d / minDuration) for d in duration]
+    delays = [max(1, int(d)) for d in delays]
+
+    # Get FPS
+    fps = 1.0 / minDuration
+
+    # Produce series of tags for each image
+    # t0 = time.time()
+    nframes = 0
+    for im in images2:
+        bm = BitmapTag(im)
+        wh = (im.shape[1], im.shape[0])
+        sh = ShapeTag(bm.id, (0, 0), wh)
+        po = PlaceObjectTag(1, sh.id, move=nframes > 0)
+        taglist.extend([bm, sh, po])
+        for i in range(delays[nframes]):
+            taglist.append(ShowFrameTag())
+        nframes += 1
+
+    if not repeat:
+        taglist.append(DoActionTag("stop"))
+
+    # Build file
+    # t1 = time.time()
+    fp = open(filename, "wb")
+    try:
+        build_file(fp, taglist, nframes=nframes, framesize=wh, fps=fps)
+    except Exception:
+        raise
+    finally:
+        fp.close()
+    # t2 = time.time()
+
+    # logger.warning("Writing SWF took %1.2f and %1.2f seconds" % (t1-t0, t2-t1) )
+
+
+def read_swf(filename):  # pragma: no cover
+    """Read all images from an SWF (shockwave flash) file. Returns a list
+    of numpy arrays.
+
+    Limitation: only read the PNG encoded images (not the JPG encoded ones).
+    """
+
+    # Check whether it exists
+    if not os.path.isfile(filename):
+        raise IOError("File not found: " + str(filename))
+
+    # Init images
+    images = []
+
+    # Open file and read all
+    fp = open(filename, "rb")
+    bb = fp.read()
+
+    try:
+        # Check opening tag
+        tmp = bb[0:3].decode("ascii", "ignore")
+        if tmp.upper() == "FWS":
+            pass  # ok
+        elif tmp.upper() == "CWS":
+            # Decompress movie
+            bb = bb[:8] + zlib.decompress(bb[8:])
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Not a valid SWF file: " + str(filename))
+
+        # Set filepointer at first tag (skipping framesize RECT and two uin16's
+        i = 8
+        nbits = bits2int(bb[i : i + 1], 5)  # skip FrameSize
+        nbits = 5 + nbits * 4
+        Lrect = nbits / 8.0
+        if Lrect % 1:
+            Lrect += 1
+        Lrect = int(Lrect)
+        i += Lrect + 4
+
+        # Iterate over the tags
+        counter = 0
+        while True:
+            counter += 1
+
+            # Get tag header
+            head = bb[i : i + 6]
+            if not head:
+                break  # Done (we missed end tag)
+
+            # Determine type and length
+            T, L1, L2 = get_type_and_len(head)
+            if not L2:
+                logger.warning("Invalid tag length, could not proceed")
+                break
+            # logger.warning(T, L2)
+
+            # Read image if we can
+            if T in [20, 36]:
+                im = read_pixels(bb, i + 6, T, L1)
+                if im is not None:
+                    images.append(im)
+            elif T in [6, 21, 35, 90]:
+                logger.warning("Ignoring JPEG image: cannot read JPEG.")
+            else:
+                pass  # Not an image tag
+
+            # Detect end tag
+            if T == 0:
+                break
+
+            # Next tag!
+            i += L2
+
+    finally:
+        fp.close()
+
+    # Done
+    return images
+
+
+# Backward compatibility; same public names as when this was images2swf.
+writeSwf = write_swf
+readSwf = read_swf

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/bsdf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" BSDF plugin.
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format
+
+
+def get_bsdf_serializer(options):
+    from . import _bsdf as bsdf
+
+    class NDArrayExtension(bsdf.Extension):
+        """ Copy of BSDF's NDArrayExtension but deal with lazy blobs.
+        """
+
+        name = "ndarray"
+        cls = np.ndarray
+
+        def encode(self, s, v):
+            return dict(shape=v.shape, dtype=str(v.dtype), data=v.tobytes())
+
+        def decode(self, s, v):
+            return v  # return as dict, because of lazy blobs, decode in Image
+
+    class ImageExtension(bsdf.Extension):
+        """ We implement two extensions that trigger on the Image classes.
+        """
+
+        def encode(self, s, v):
+            return dict(array=v.array, meta=v.meta)
+
+        def decode(self, s, v):
+            return Image(v["array"], v["meta"])
+
+    class Image2DExtension(ImageExtension):
+
+        name = "image2d"
+        cls = Image2D
+
+    class Image3DExtension(ImageExtension):
+
+        name = "image3d"
+        cls = Image3D
+
+    exts = [NDArrayExtension, Image2DExtension, Image3DExtension]
+    serializer = bsdf.BsdfSerializer(exts, **options)
+
+    return bsdf, serializer
+
+
+class Image:
+    """ Class in which we wrap the array and meta data. By using an extension
+    we can make BSDF trigger on these classes and thus encode the images.
+    as actual images.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, array, meta):
+        self.array = array
+        self.meta = meta
+
+    def get_array(self):
+        if not isinstance(self.array, np.ndarray):
+            v = self.array
+            blob = v["data"]
+            if not isinstance(blob, bytes):  # then it's a lazy bsdf.Blob
+                blob = blob.get_bytes()
+            self.array = np.frombuffer(blob, dtype=v["dtype"])
+            self.array.shape = v["shape"]
+        return self.array
+
+    def get_meta(self):
+        return self.meta
+
+
+class Image2D(Image):
+    pass
+
+
+class Image3D(Image):
+    pass
+
+
+class BsdfFormat(Format):
+    """ The BSDF format enables reading and writing of image data in the
+    BSDF serialization format. This format allows storage of images, volumes,
+    and series thereof. Data can be of any numeric data type, and can
+    optionally be compressed. Each image/volume can have associated
+    meta data, which can consist of any data type supported by BSDF.
+
+    By default, image data is lazily loaded; the actual image data is
+    not read until it is requested. This allows storing multiple images
+    in a single file and still have fast access to individual images.
+    Alternatively, a series of images can be read in streaming mode, reading
+    images as they are read (e.g. from http).
+
+    BSDF is a simple generic binary format. It is easy to extend and there
+    are standard extension definitions for 2D and 3D image data.
+    Read more at http://bsdf.io.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    random_access : bool
+        Whether individual images in the file can be read in random order.
+        Defaults to True for normal files, and to False when reading from HTTP.
+        If False, the file is read in "streaming mode", allowing reading
+        files as they are read, but without support for "rewinding".
+        Note that setting this to True when reading from HTTP, the whole file
+        is read upon opening it (since lazy loading is not possible over HTTP).
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    compression : {0, 1, 2}
+        Use ``0`` or "no" for no compression, ``1`` or "zlib" for Zlib
+        compression (same as zip files and PNG), and ``2`` or "bz2" for Bz2
+        compression (more compact but slower). Default 1 (zlib).
+        Note that some BSDF implementations may not support compression
+        (e.g. JavaScript).
+
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            # if request.extension in self.extensions:
+            #     return True
+            if request.firstbytes.startswith(b"BSDF"):
+                return True
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            if request.extension in self.extensions:
+                return True
+
+    # -- reader
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self, random_access=None):
+            # Validate - we need a BSDF file consisting of a list of images
+            # The list is typically a stream, but does not have to be.
+            assert self.request.firstbytes[:4] == b"BSDF", "Not a BSDF file"
+            # self.request.firstbytes[5:6] == major and minor version
+            if not (
+                self.request.firstbytes[6:15] == b"M\x07image2D"
+                or self.request.firstbytes[6:15] == b"M\x07image3D"
+                or self.request.firstbytes[6:7] == b"l"
+            ):
+                pass  # Actually, follow a more duck-type approach ...
+                # raise RuntimeError('BSDF file does not look like an '
+                #                   'image container.')
+            # Set options. If we think that seeking is allowed, we lazily load
+            # blobs, and set streaming to False (i.e. the whole file is read,
+            # but we skip over binary blobs), so that we subsequently allow
+            # random access to the images.
+            # If seeking is not allowed (e.g. with a http request), we cannot
+            # lazily load blobs, but we can still load streaming from the web.
+            options = {}
+            if self.request.filename.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
+                ra = False if random_access is None else bool(random_access)
+                options["lazy_blob"] = False  # Because we cannot seek now
+                options["load_streaming"] = not ra  # Load as a stream?
+            else:
+                ra = True if random_access is None else bool(random_access)
+                options["lazy_blob"] = ra  # Don't read data until needed
+                options["load_streaming"] = not ra
+
+            file = self.request.get_file()
+            bsdf, self._serializer = get_bsdf_serializer(options)
+            self._stream = self._serializer.load(file)
+            # Another validation
+            if (
+                isinstance(self._stream, dict)
+                and "meta" in self._stream
+                and "array" in self._stream
+            ):
+                self._stream = Image(self._stream["array"], self._stream["meta"])
+            if not isinstance(self._stream, (Image, list, bsdf.ListStream)):
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "BSDF file does not look seem to have an " "image container."
+                )
+
+        def _close(self):
+            pass
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            if isinstance(self._stream, Image):
+                return 1
+            elif isinstance(self._stream, list):
+                return len(self._stream)
+            elif self._stream.count < 0:
+                return np.inf
+            return self._stream.count
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            # Validate
+            if index < 0 or index >= self.get_length():
+                raise IndexError(
+                    "Image index %i not in [0 %i]." % (index, self.get_length())
+                )
+            # Get Image object
+            if isinstance(self._stream, Image):
+                image_ob = self._stream  # singleton
+            elif isinstance(self._stream, list):
+                # Easy when we have random access
+                image_ob = self._stream[index]
+            else:
+                # For streaming, we need to skip over frames
+                if index < self._stream.index:
+                    raise IndexError(
+                        "BSDF file is being read in streaming "
+                        "mode, thus does not allow rewinding."
+                    )
+                while index > self._stream.index:
+                    self._stream.next()
+                image_ob = self._stream.next()  # Can raise StopIteration
+            # Is this an image?
+            if (
+                isinstance(image_ob, dict)
+                and "meta" in image_ob
+                and "array" in image_ob
+            ):
+                image_ob = Image(image_ob["array"], image_ob["meta"])
+            if isinstance(image_ob, Image):
+                # Return as array (if we have lazy blobs, they are read now)
+                return image_ob.get_array(), image_ob.get_meta()
+            else:
+                r = repr(image_ob)
+                r = r if len(r) < 200 else r[:197] + "..."
+                raise RuntimeError("BSDF file contains non-image " + r)
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):  # pragma: no cover
+            return {}  # This format does not support global meta data
+
+    # -- writer
+
+    class Writer(Format.Writer):
+        def _open(self, compression=1):
+            options = {"compression": compression}
+            bsdf, self._serializer = get_bsdf_serializer(options)
+            if self.request.mode[1] in "iv":
+                self._stream = None  # Singleton image
+                self._written = False
+            else:
+                # Series (stream) of images
+                file = self.request.get_file()
+                self._stream = bsdf.ListStream()
+                self._serializer.save(file, self._stream)
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # We close the stream here, which will mark the number of written
+            # elements. If we would not close it, the file would be fine, it's
+            # just that upon reading it would not be known how many items are
+            # in there.
+            if self._stream is not None:
+                self._stream.close(False)  # False says "keep this a stream"
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            # Determine dimension
+            ndim = None
+            if self.request.mode[1] in "iI":
+                ndim = 2
+            elif self.request.mode[1] in "vV":
+                ndim = 3
+            else:
+                ndim = 3  # Make an educated guess
+                if im.ndim == 2 or (im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] <= 4):
+                    ndim = 2
+            # Validate shape
+            assert ndim in (2, 3)
+            if ndim == 2:
+                assert im.ndim == 2 or (im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] <= 4)
+            else:
+                assert im.ndim == 3 or (im.ndim == 4 and im.shape[-1] <= 4)
+            # Wrap data and meta data in our special class that will trigger
+            # the BSDF image2D or image3D extension.
+            if ndim == 2:
+                ob = Image2D(im, meta)
+            else:
+                ob = Image3D(im, meta)
+            # Write directly or to stream
+            if self._stream is None:
+                assert not self._written, "Cannot write singleton image twice"
+                self._written = True
+                file = self.request.get_file()
+                self._serializer.save(file, ob)
+            else:
+                self._stream.append(ob)
+
+        def set_meta_data(self, meta):  # pragma: no cover
+            raise RuntimeError("The BSDF format only supports " "per-image meta data.")
+
+
+format = BsdfFormat(
+    "bsdf",  # short name
+    "Format based on the Binary Structured Data Format",
+    ".bsdf",
+    "iIvV",
+)
+formats.add_format(format)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/dicom.py

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Plugin for reading DICOM files.
+"""
+
+# todo: Use pydicom:
+# * Note: is not py3k ready yet
+# * Allow reading the full meta info
+# I think we can more or less replace the SimpleDicomReader with a
+# pydicom.Dataset For series, only ned to read the full info from one
+# file: speed still high
+# * Perhaps allow writing?
+
+import os
+import sys
+import logging
+import subprocess
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format, BaseProgressIndicator, StdoutProgressIndicator
+from ..core import read_n_bytes
+
+_dicom = None  # lazily loaded in load_lib()
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def load_lib():
+    global _dicom
+    from . import _dicom
+
+    return _dicom
+
+
+# Determine endianity of system
+sys_is_little_endian = sys.byteorder == "little"
+
+
+def get_dcmdjpeg_exe():
+    fname = "dcmdjpeg" + ".exe" * sys.platform.startswith("win")
+    for dir in (
+        "c:\\dcmtk",
+        "c:\\Program Files",
+        "c:\\Program Files\\dcmtk",
+        "c:\\Program Files (x86)\\dcmtk",
+    ):
+        filename = os.path.join(dir, fname)
+        if os.path.isfile(filename):
+            return [filename]
+
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call([fname, "--version"])
+        return [fname]
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+
+
+def get_gdcmconv_exe():
+    fname = "gdcmconv" + ".exe" * sys.platform.startswith("win")
+    # Maybe it's on the path
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call([fname, "--version"])
+        return [fname, "--raw"]
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    # Select directories where it could be
+    candidates = []
+    base_dirs = [r"c:\Program Files"]
+    for base_dir in base_dirs:
+        if os.path.isdir(base_dir):
+            for dname in os.listdir(base_dir):
+                if dname.lower().startswith("gdcm"):
+                    suffix = dname[4:].strip()
+                    candidates.append((suffix, os.path.join(base_dir, dname)))
+    # Sort, so higher versions are tried earlier
+    candidates.sort(reverse=True)
+    # Select executable
+    filename = None
+    for _, dirname in candidates:
+        exe1 = os.path.join(dirname, "gdcmconv.exe")
+        exe2 = os.path.join(dirname, "bin", "gdcmconv.exe")
+        if os.path.isfile(exe1):
+            filename = exe1
+            break
+        if os.path.isfile(exe2):
+            filename = exe2
+            break
+    else:
+        return None
+    return [filename, "--raw"]
+
+
+class DicomFormat(Format):
+    """ A format for reading DICOM images: a common format used to store
+    medical image data, such as X-ray, CT and MRI.
+
+    This format borrows some code (and ideas) from the pydicom project. However,
+    only a predefined subset of tags are extracted from the file. This allows
+    for great simplifications allowing us to make a stand-alone reader, and
+    also results in a much faster read time.
+
+    By default, only uncompressed and deflated transfer syntaxes are supported.
+    If gdcm or dcmtk is installed, these will be used to automatically convert
+    the data. See https://github.com/malaterre/GDCM/releases for installing GDCM.
+
+    This format provides functionality to group images of the same
+    series together, thus extracting volumes (and multiple volumes).
+    Using volread will attempt to yield a volume. If multiple volumes
+    are present, the first one is given. Using mimread will simply yield
+    all images in the given directory (not taking series into account).
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    progress : {True, False, BaseProgressIndicator}
+        Whether to show progress when reading from multiple files.
+        Default True. By passing an object that inherits from
+        BaseProgressIndicator, the way in which progress is reported
+        can be costumized.
+
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        # If user URI was a directory, we check whether it has a DICOM file
+        if os.path.isdir(request.filename):
+            files = os.listdir(request.filename)
+            for fname in sorted(files):  # Sorting make it consistent
+                filename = os.path.join(request.filename, fname)
+                if os.path.isfile(filename) and "DICOMDIR" not in fname:
+                    with open(filename, "rb") as f:
+                        first_bytes = read_n_bytes(f, 140)
+                    return first_bytes[128:132] == b"DICM"
+            else:
+                return False
+        # Check
+        return request.firstbytes[128:132] == b"DICM"
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        # We cannot save yet. May be possible if we will used pydicom as
+        # a backend.
+        return False
+
+    # --
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+
+        _compressed_warning_dirs = set()
+
+        def _open(self, progress=True):
+            if not _dicom:
+                load_lib()
+            if os.path.isdir(self.request.filename):
+                # A dir can be given if the user used the format explicitly
+                self._info = {}
+                self._data = None
+            else:
+                # Read the given dataset now ...
+                try:
+                    dcm = _dicom.SimpleDicomReader(self.request.get_file())
+                except _dicom.CompressedDicom as err:
+                    # We cannot do this on our own. Perhaps with some help ...
+                    cmd = get_gdcmconv_exe()
+                    if not cmd and "JPEG" in str(err):
+                        cmd = get_dcmdjpeg_exe()
+                    if not cmd:
+                        msg = err.args[0].replace("using", "installing")
+                        msg = msg.replace("convert", "auto-convert")
+                        err.args = (msg,)
+                        raise
+                    else:
+                        fname1 = self.request.get_local_filename()
+                        fname2 = fname1 + ".raw"
+                        try:
+                            subprocess.check_call(cmd + [fname1, fname2])
+                        except Exception:
+                            raise err
+                        d = os.path.dirname(fname1)
+                        if d not in self._compressed_warning_dirs:
+                            self._compressed_warning_dirs.add(d)
+                            logger.warning(
+                                "DICOM file contained compressed data. "
+                                + "Autoconverting with "
+                                + cmd[0]
+                                + " (this warning is shown once for each directory)"
+                            )
+                        dcm = _dicom.SimpleDicomReader(fname2)
+
+                self._info = dcm._info
+                self._data = dcm.get_numpy_array()
+
+            # Initialize series, list of DicomSeries objects
+            self._series = None  # only created if needed
+
+            # Set progress indicator
+            if isinstance(progress, BaseProgressIndicator):
+                self._progressIndicator = progress
+            elif progress is True:
+                p = StdoutProgressIndicator("Reading DICOM")
+                self._progressIndicator = p
+            elif progress in (None, False):
+                self._progressIndicator = BaseProgressIndicator("Dummy")
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid value for progress.")
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # Clean up
+            self._info = None
+            self._data = None
+            self._series = None
+
+        @property
+        def series(self):
+            if self._series is None:
+                pi = self._progressIndicator
+                self._series = _dicom.process_directory(self.request, pi)
+            return self._series
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            if self._data is None:
+                dcm = self.series[0][0]
+                self._info = dcm._info
+                self._data = dcm.get_numpy_array()
+
+            nslices = self._data.shape[0] if (self._data.ndim == 3) else 1
+
+            if self.request.mode[1] == "i":
+                # User expects one, but lets be honest about this file
+                return nslices
+            elif self.request.mode[1] == "I":
+                # User expects multiple, if this file has multiple slices, ok.
+                # Otherwise we have to check the series.
+                if nslices > 1:
+                    return nslices
+                else:
+                    return sum([len(serie) for serie in self.series])
+            elif self.request.mode[1] == "v":
+                # User expects a volume, if this file has one, ok.
+                # Otherwise we have to check the series
+                if nslices > 1:
+                    return 1
+                else:
+                    return len(self.series)  # We assume one volume per series
+            elif self.request.mode[1] == "V":
+                # User expects multiple volumes. We have to check the series
+                return len(self.series)  # We assume one volume per series
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError("DICOM plugin should know what to expect.")
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            if self._data is None:
+                dcm = self.series[0][0]
+                self._info = dcm._info
+                self._data = dcm.get_numpy_array()
+
+            nslices = self._data.shape[0] if (self._data.ndim == 3) else 1
+
+            if self.request.mode[1] == "i":
+                # Allow index >1 only if this file contains >1
+                if nslices > 1:
+                    return self._data[index], self._info
+                elif index == 0:
+                    return self._data, self._info
+                else:
+                    raise IndexError("Dicom file contains only one slice.")
+            elif self.request.mode[1] == "I":
+                # Return slice from volume, or return item from series
+                if index == 0 and nslices > 1:
+                    return self._data[index], self._info
+                else:
+                    L = []
+                    for serie in self.series:
+                        L.extend([dcm_ for dcm_ in serie])
+                    return L[index].get_numpy_array(), L[index].info
+            elif self.request.mode[1] in "vV":
+                # Return volume or series
+                if index == 0 and nslices > 1:
+                    return self._data, self._info
+                else:
+                    return (
+                        self.series[index].get_numpy_array(),
+                        self.series[index].info,
+                    )
+            else:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise ValueError("DICOM plugin should know what to expect.")
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            if self._data is None:
+                dcm = self.series[0][0]
+                self._info = dcm._info
+                self._data = dcm.get_numpy_array()
+
+            nslices = self._data.shape[0] if (self._data.ndim == 3) else 1
+
+            # Default is the meta data of the given file, or the "first" file.
+            if index is None:
+                return self._info
+
+            if self.request.mode[1] == "i":
+                return self._info
+            elif self.request.mode[1] == "I":
+                # Return slice from volume, or return item from series
+                if index == 0 and nslices > 1:
+                    return self._info
+                else:
+                    L = []
+                    for serie in self.series:
+                        L.extend([dcm_ for dcm_ in serie])
+                    return L[index].info
+            elif self.request.mode[1] in "vV":
+                # Return volume or series
+                if index == 0 and nslices > 1:
+                    return self._info
+                else:
+                    return self.series[index].info
+            else:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise ValueError("DICOM plugin should know what to expect.")
+
+
+# Add this format
+formats.add_format(
+    DicomFormat(
+        "DICOM",
+        "Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine",
+        ".dcm .ct .mri",
+        "iIvV",
+    )
+)  # Often DICOM files have weird or no extensions

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/example.py

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Example plugin. You can use this as a template for your own plugin.
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format
+
+
+class DummyFormat(Format):
+    """ The dummy format is an example format that does nothing.
+    It will never indicate that it can read or write a file. When
+    explicitly asked to read, it will simply read the bytes. When
+    explicitly asked to write, it will raise an error.
+
+    This documentation is shown when the user does ``help('thisformat')``.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    Specify arguments in numpy doc style here.
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    Specify arguments in numpy doc style here.
+
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        # This method is called when the format manager is searching
+        # for a format to read a certain image. Return True if this format
+        # can do it.
+        #
+        # The format manager is aware of the extensions and the modes
+        # that each format can handle. It will first ask all formats
+        # that *seem* to be able to read it whether they can. If none
+        # can, it will ask the remaining formats if they can: the
+        # extension might be missing, and this allows formats to provide
+        # functionality for certain extensions, while giving preference
+        # to other plugins.
+        #
+        # If a format says it can, it should live up to it. The format
+        # would ideally check the request.firstbytes and look for a
+        # header of some kind.
+        #
+        # The request object has:
+        # request.filename: a representation of the source (only for reporting)
+        # request.firstbytes: the first 256 bytes of the file.
+        # request.mode[0]: read or write mode
+        # request.mode[1]: what kind of data the user expects: one of 'iIvV?'
+
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            if request.extension in self.extensions:
+                return True
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        # This method is called when the format manager is searching
+        # for a format to write a certain image. It will first ask all
+        # formats that *seem* to be able to write it whether they can.
+        # If none can, it will ask the remaining formats if they can.
+        #
+        # Return True if the format can do it.
+
+        # In most cases, this code does suffice:
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            if request.extension in self.extensions:
+                return True
+
+    # -- reader
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self, some_option=False, length=1):
+            # Specify kwargs here. Optionally, the user-specified kwargs
+            # can also be accessed via the request.kwargs object.
+            #
+            # The request object provides two ways to get access to the
+            # data. Use just one:
+            #  - Use request.get_file() for a file object (preferred)
+            #  - Use request.get_local_filename() for a file on the system
+            self._fp = self.request.get_file()
+            self._length = length  # passed as an arg in this case for testing
+            self._data = None
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # Close the reader.
+            # Note that the request object will close self._fp
+            pass
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            # Return the number of images. Can be np.inf
+            return self._length
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            # Return the data and meta data for the given index
+            if index >= self._length:
+                raise IndexError("Image index %i > %i" % (index, self._length))
+            # Read all bytes
+            if self._data is None:
+                self._data = self._fp.read()
+            # Put in a numpy array
+            im = np.frombuffer(self._data, "uint8")
+            im.shape = len(im), 1
+            # Return array and dummy meta data
+            return im, {}
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            # Get the meta data for the given index. If index is None, it
+            # should return the global meta data.
+            return {}  # This format does not support meta data
+
+    # -- writer
+
+    class Writer(Format.Writer):
+        def _open(self, flags=0):
+            # Specify kwargs here. Optionally, the user-specified kwargs
+            # can also be accessed via the request.kwargs object.
+            #
+            # The request object provides two ways to write the data.
+            # Use just one:
+            #  - Use request.get_file() for a file object (preferred)
+            #  - Use request.get_local_filename() for a file on the system
+            self._fp = self.request.get_file()
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # Close the reader.
+            # Note that the request object will close self._fp
+            pass
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            # Process the given data and meta data.
+            raise RuntimeError("The dummy format cannot write image data.")
+
+        def set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            # Process the given meta data (global for all images)
+            # It is not mandatory to support this.
+            raise RuntimeError("The dummy format cannot write meta data.")
+
+
+# Register. You register an *instance* of a Format class. Here specify:
+format = DummyFormat(
+    "dummy",  # short name
+    "An example format that does nothing.",  # one line descr.
+    ".foobar .nonexistentext",  # list of extensions
+    "iI",  # modes, characters in iIvV
+)
+formats.add_format(format)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/feisem.py

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+from .tifffile import TiffFormat
+
+from .. import formats
+
+
+class FEISEMFormat(TiffFormat):
+    """Provide read support for TIFFs produced by an FEI SEM microscope.
+
+    This format is based on TIFF, and supports the same parameters.
+
+    FEI microscopes append metadata as ASCII text at the end of the file,
+    which this reader correctly extracts.
+
+    Parameters for get_data
+    -----------------------
+    discard_watermark : bool
+        If True (default), discard the bottom rows of the image, which
+        contain no image data, only a watermark with metadata.
+    watermark_height : int
+        The height in pixels of the FEI watermark. The default is 70.
+    """
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        return False  # FEI-SEM only supports reading
+
+    class Reader(TiffFormat.Reader):
+        def _get_data(self, index=0, discard_watermark=True, watermark_height=70):
+            """Get image and metadata from given index.
+
+            FEI images usually (always?) contain a watermark at the
+            bottom of the image, 70 pixels high. We discard this by
+            default as it does not contain any information not present
+            in the metadata.
+            """
+            im, meta = super(FEISEMFormat.Reader, self)._get_data(index)
+            if discard_watermark:
+                im = im[:-watermark_height]
+            return im, meta
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index=None):
+            """Read the metadata from an FEI SEM TIFF.
+
+            This metadata is included as ASCII text at the end of the file.
+
+            The index, if provided, is ignored.
+
+            Returns
+            -------
+            metadata : dict
+                Dictionary of metadata.
+            """
+            md = {"root": {}}
+            current_tag = "root"
+            reading_metadata = False
+            filename = self.request.get_local_filename()
+            with open(filename, encoding="utf8", errors="ignore") as fin:
+                for line in fin:
+                    if not reading_metadata:
+                        if not line.startswith("Date="):
+                            continue
+                        else:
+                            reading_metadata = True
+                    line = line.rstrip()
+                    if line.startswith("["):
+                        current_tag = line.lstrip("[").rstrip("]")
+                        md[current_tag] = {}
+                    else:
+                        if "=" in line:  # ignore empty and irrelevant lines
+                            key, val = line.split("=", maxsplit=1)
+                            for tag_type in (int, float):
+                                try:
+                                    val = tag_type(val)
+                                except ValueError:
+                                    continue
+                                else:
+                                    break
+                            md[current_tag][key] = val
+            if not md["root"] and len(md) == 1:
+                raise ValueError("Input file %s contains no FEI metadata." % filename)
+            self._meta.update(md)
+            return md
+
+
+# Register plugin
+format = FEISEMFormat(
+    "fei", "FEI-SEM TIFF format", extensions=[".tif", ".tiff"], modes="iv"
+)
+formats.add_format(format)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/ffmpeg.py

@@ -0,0 +1,710 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Plugin that uses ffmpeg to read and write series of images to
+a wide range of video formats.
+
+Code inspired/based on code from moviepy: https://github.com/Zulko/moviepy/
+by Zulko
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+import time
+import logging
+import threading
+import subprocess as sp
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format, image_as_uint
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# Get camera format
+if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+    CAM_FORMAT = "dshow"  # dshow or vfwcap
+elif sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+    CAM_FORMAT = "video4linux2"
+elif sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+    CAM_FORMAT = "avfoundation"
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    CAM_FORMAT = "unknown-cam-format"
+
+
+def download(directory=None, force_download=False):  # pragma: no cover
+    raise RuntimeError(
+        "imageio.ffmpeg.download() has been deprecated. "
+        "Use 'pip install imageio-ffmpeg' instead.'"
+    )
+
+
+# For backwards compatibility - we dont use this ourselves
+def get_exe():  # pragma: no cover
+    """ Wrapper for imageio_ffmpeg.get_ffmpeg_exe()
+    """
+    import imageio_ffmpeg
+
+    return imageio_ffmpeg.get_ffmpeg_exe()
+
+
+_ffmpeg_api = None
+
+
+def _get_ffmpeg_api():
+    global _ffmpeg_api
+    if _ffmpeg_api is None:
+        try:
+            import imageio_ffmpeg
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "To use the imageio ffmpeg plugin you need to "
+                "'pip install imageio-ffmpeg'"
+            )
+        _ffmpeg_api = imageio_ffmpeg
+    return _ffmpeg_api
+
+
+class FfmpegFormat(Format):
+    """ The ffmpeg format provides reading and writing for a wide range
+    of movie formats such as .avi, .mpeg, .mp4, etc. And also to read
+    streams from webcams and USB cameras.
+
+    To read from camera streams, supply "<video0>" as the filename,
+    where the "0" can be replaced with any index of cameras known to
+    the system.
+
+    To use this plugin, the ``imageio-ffmpeg`` library should be installed
+    (e.g. via pip). For most platforms this includes the ffmpeg executable.
+    One can use the ``IMAGEIO_FFMPEG_EXE`` environment variable to force
+    using a specific ffmpeg executable.
+
+    When reading from a video, the number of available frames is hard/expensive
+    to calculate, which is why its set to inf by default, indicating
+    "stream mode". To get the number of frames before having read them all,
+    you can use the ``reader.count_frames()`` method (the reader will then use
+    ``imageio_ffmpeg.count_frames_and_secs()`` to get the exact number of
+    frames, note that this operation can take a few seconds on large files).
+    Alternatively, the number of frames can be estimated from the fps and
+    duration in the meta data (though these values themselves are not always
+    present/reliable).
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    fps : scalar
+        The number of frames per second to read the data at. Default None (i.e.
+        read at the file's own fps). One can use this for files with a
+        variable fps, or in cases where imageio is unable to correctly detect
+        the fps.
+    loop : bool
+        If True, the video will rewind as soon as a frame is requested
+        beyond the last frame. Otherwise, IndexError is raised. Default False.
+        Setting this to True will internally call ``count_frames()``,
+        and set the reader's length to that value instead of inf.
+    size : str | tuple
+        The frame size (i.e. resolution) to read the images, e.g.
+        (100, 100) or "640x480". For camera streams, this allows setting
+        the capture resolution. For normal video data, ffmpeg will
+        rescale the data.
+    dtype : str | type
+        The dtype for the output arrays. Determines the bit-depth that
+        is requested from ffmpeg. Supported dtypes: uint8, uint16.
+        Default: uint8.
+    pixelformat : str
+        The pixel format for the camera to use (e.g. "yuyv422" or
+        "gray"). The camera needs to support the format in order for
+        this to take effect. Note that the images produced by this
+        reader are always RGB.
+    input_params : list
+        List additional arguments to ffmpeg for input file options.
+        (Can also be provided as ``ffmpeg_params`` for backwards compatibility)
+        Example ffmpeg arguments to use aggressive error handling:
+        ['-err_detect', 'aggressive']
+    output_params : list
+        List additional arguments to ffmpeg for output file options (i.e. the
+        stream being read by imageio).
+    print_info : bool
+        Print information about the video file as reported by ffmpeg.
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    fps : scalar
+        The number of frames per second. Default 10.
+    codec : str
+        the video codec to use. Default 'libx264', which represents the
+        widely available mpeg4. Except when saving .wmv files, then the
+        defaults is 'msmpeg4' which is more commonly supported for windows
+    quality : float | None
+        Video output quality. Default is 5. Uses variable bit rate. Highest
+        quality is 10, lowest is 0. Set to None to prevent variable bitrate
+        flags to FFMPEG so you can manually specify them using output_params
+        instead. Specifying a fixed bitrate using 'bitrate' disables this
+        parameter.
+    bitrate : int | None
+        Set a constant bitrate for the video encoding. Default is None causing
+        'quality' parameter to be used instead.  Better quality videos with
+        smaller file sizes will result from using the 'quality'  variable
+        bitrate parameter rather than specifiying a fixed bitrate with this
+        parameter.
+    pixelformat: str
+        The output video pixel format. Default is 'yuv420p' which most widely
+        supported by video players.
+    input_params : list
+        List additional arguments to ffmpeg for input file options (i.e. the
+        stream that imageio provides).
+    output_params : list
+        List additional arguments to ffmpeg for output file options.
+        (Can also be provided as ``ffmpeg_params`` for backwards compatibility)
+        Example ffmpeg arguments to use only intra frames and set aspect ratio:
+        ['-intra', '-aspect', '16:9']
+    ffmpeg_log_level: str
+        Sets ffmpeg output log level.  Default is "warning".
+        Values can be "quiet", "panic", "fatal", "error", "warning", "info"
+        "verbose", or "debug". Also prints the FFMPEG command being used by
+        imageio if "info", "verbose", or "debug".
+    macro_block_size: int
+        Size constraint for video. Width and height, must be divisible by this
+        number. If not divisible by this number imageio will tell ffmpeg to
+        scale the image up to the next closest size
+        divisible by this number. Most codecs are compatible with a macroblock
+        size of 16 (default), some can go smaller (4, 8). To disable this
+        automatic feature set it to None or 1, however be warned many players
+        can't decode videos that are odd in size and some codecs will produce
+        poor results or fail. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroblock.
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        if request.mode[1] not in "I?":
+            return False
+
+        # Read from video stream?
+        # Note that we could write the _video flag here, but a user might
+        # select this format explicitly (and this code is not run)
+        if request.filename in ["<video%i>" % i for i in range(10)]:
+            return True
+
+        # Read from file that we know?
+        if request.extension in self.extensions:
+            return True
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            if request.extension in self.extensions:
+                return True
+
+    # --
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+
+        _frame_catcher = None
+        _read_gen = None
+
+        def _get_cam_inputname(self, index):
+            if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+                return "/dev/" + self.request._video[1:-1]
+
+            elif sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+                # Ask ffmpeg for list of dshow device names
+                ffmpeg_api = _get_ffmpeg_api()
+                cmd = [
+                    ffmpeg_api.get_ffmpeg_exe(),
+                    "-list_devices",
+                    "true",
+                    "-f",
+                    CAM_FORMAT,
+                    "-i",
+                    "dummy",
+                ]
+                # Set `shell=True` in sp.Popen to prevent popup of a command line
+                # window in frozen applications. Note: this would be a security
+                # vulnerability if user-input goes into the cmd.
+                proc = sp.Popen(
+                    cmd, stdin=sp.PIPE, stdout=sp.PIPE, stderr=sp.PIPE, shell=True
+                )
+                proc.stdout.readline()
+                proc.terminate()
+                infos = proc.stderr.read().decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                # Return device name at index
+                try:
+                    name = parse_device_names(infos)[index]
+                except IndexError:
+                    raise IndexError("No ffdshow camera at index %i." % index)
+                return "video=%s" % name
+
+            elif sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+                # Appears that newer ffmpeg builds don't support -list-devices
+                # on OS X. But you can directly open the camera by index.
+                name = str(index)
+                return name
+
+            else:  # pragma: no cover
+                return "??"
+
+        def _open(
+            self,
+            loop=False,
+            size=None,
+            dtype=None,
+            pixelformat=None,
+            print_info=False,
+            ffmpeg_params=None,
+            input_params=None,
+            output_params=None,
+            fps=None,
+        ):
+            # Get generator functions
+            self._ffmpeg_api = _get_ffmpeg_api()
+            # Process input args
+            self._arg_loop = bool(loop)
+            if size is None:
+                self._arg_size = None
+            elif isinstance(size, tuple):
+                self._arg_size = "%ix%i" % size
+            elif isinstance(size, str) and "x" in size:
+                self._arg_size = size
+            else:
+                raise ValueError('FFMPEG size must be tuple of "NxM"')
+            if pixelformat is None:
+                pass
+            elif not isinstance(pixelformat, str):
+                raise ValueError("FFMPEG pixelformat must be str")
+            if dtype is None:
+                self._dtype = np.dtype("uint8")
+            else:
+                self._dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+                allowed_dtypes = ["uint8", "uint16"]
+                if self._dtype.name not in allowed_dtypes:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "dtype must be one of: {}".format(", ".join(allowed_dtypes))
+                    )
+            self._arg_pixelformat = pixelformat
+            self._arg_input_params = input_params or []
+            self._arg_output_params = output_params or []
+            self._arg_input_params += ffmpeg_params or []  # backward compat
+            # Write "_video"_arg - indicating webcam support
+            self.request._video = None
+            if self.request.filename in ["<video%i>" % i for i in range(10)]:
+                self.request._video = self.request.filename
+            # Specify input framerate?
+            if self.request._video:
+                if "-framerate" not in str(self._arg_input_params):
+                    self._arg_input_params.extend(["-framerate", str(float(fps or 30))])
+            # Get local filename
+            if self.request._video:
+                index = int(self.request._video[-2])
+                self._filename = self._get_cam_inputname(index)
+            else:
+                self._filename = self.request.get_local_filename()
+                # When passed to ffmpeg on command line, carets need to be escaped.
+                self._filename = self._filename.replace("^", "^^")
+            # Determine pixel format and depth
+            self._depth = 3
+            if self._dtype.name == "uint8":
+                self._pix_fmt = "rgb24"
+                self._bytes_per_channel = 1
+            else:
+                self._pix_fmt = "rgb48le"
+                self._bytes_per_channel = 2
+            # Initialize parameters
+            self._pos = -1
+            self._meta = {"plugin": "ffmpeg"}
+            self._lastread = None
+
+            # Calculating this from fps and duration is not accurate,
+            # and calculating it exactly with ffmpeg_api.count_frames_and_secs
+            # takes too long to do for each video. But we need it for looping.
+            self._nframes = float("inf")
+            if self._arg_loop and not self.request._video:
+                self._nframes = self.count_frames()
+            self._meta["nframes"] = self._nframes
+
+            # Start ffmpeg subprocess and get meta information
+            self._initialize()
+
+            # For cameras, create thread that keeps reading the images
+            if self.request._video:
+                self._frame_catcher = FrameCatcher(self._read_gen)
+
+            # For reference - but disabled, because it is inaccurate
+            # if self._meta["nframes"] == float("inf"):
+            #     if self._meta.get("fps", 0) > 0:
+            #         if self._meta.get("duration", 0) > 0:
+            #             n = round(self._meta["duration"] * self._meta["fps"])
+            #             self._meta["nframes"] = int(n)
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # First close the frame catcher, because we cannot close the gen
+            # if the frame catcher thread is using it
+            if self._frame_catcher is not None:
+                self._frame_catcher.stop_me()
+                self._frame_catcher = None
+            if self._read_gen is not None:
+                self._read_gen.close()
+                self._read_gen = None
+
+        def count_frames(self):
+            """ Count the number of frames. Note that this can take a few
+            seconds for large files. Also note that it counts the number
+            of frames in the original video and does not take a given fps
+            into account.
+            """
+            # This would have been nice, but this does not work :(
+            # oargs = []
+            # if self.request.kwargs.get("fps", None):
+            #     fps = float(self.request.kwargs["fps"])
+            #     oargs += ["-r", "%.02f" % fps]
+            cf = self._ffmpeg_api.count_frames_and_secs
+            return cf(self._filename)[0]
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            return self._nframes  # only not inf if loop is True
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            """ Reads a frame at index. Note for coders: getting an
+            arbitrary frame in the video with ffmpeg can be painfully
+            slow if some decoding has to be done. This function tries
+            to avoid fectching arbitrary frames whenever possible, by
+            moving between adjacent frames. """
+            # Modulo index (for looping)
+            if self._arg_loop and self._nframes < float("inf"):
+                index %= self._nframes
+
+            if index == self._pos:
+                return self._lastread, dict(new=False)
+            elif index < 0:
+                raise IndexError("Frame index must be >= 0")
+            elif index >= self._nframes:
+                raise IndexError("Reached end of video")
+            else:
+                if (index < self._pos) or (index > self._pos + 100):
+                    self._initialize(index)
+                else:
+                    self._skip_frames(index - self._pos - 1)
+                result, is_new = self._read_frame()
+                self._pos = index
+                return result, dict(new=is_new)
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            return self._meta
+
+        def _initialize(self, index=0):
+
+            # Close the current generator, and thereby terminate its subprocess
+            if self._read_gen is not None:
+                self._read_gen.close()
+
+            iargs = []
+            oargs = []
+
+            # Create input args
+            iargs += self._arg_input_params
+            if self.request._video:
+                iargs += ["-f", CAM_FORMAT]
+                if self._arg_pixelformat:
+                    iargs += ["-pix_fmt", self._arg_pixelformat]
+                if self._arg_size:
+                    iargs += ["-s", self._arg_size]
+            elif index > 0:  # re-initialize  / seek
+                # Note: only works if we initialized earlier, and now have meta
+                # Some info here: https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/Seeking
+                # There are two ways to seek, one before -i (input_params) and
+                # after (output_params). The former is fast, because it uses
+                # keyframes, the latter is slow but accurate. According to
+                # the article above, the fast method should also be accurate
+                # from ffmpeg version 2.1, however in version 4.1 our tests
+                # start failing again. Not sure why, but we can solve this
+                # by combining slow and fast. Seek the long stretch using
+                # the fast method, and seek the last 10s the slow way.
+                starttime = index / self._meta["fps"]
+                seek_slow = min(10, starttime)
+                seek_fast = starttime - seek_slow
+                # We used to have this epsilon earlier, when we did not use
+                # the slow seek. I don't think we need it anymore.
+                # epsilon = -1 / self._meta["fps"] * 0.1
+                iargs += ["-ss", "%.06f" % (seek_fast)]
+                oargs += ["-ss", "%.06f" % (seek_slow)]
+
+            # Output args, for writing to pipe
+            if self._arg_size:
+                oargs += ["-s", self._arg_size]
+            if self.request.kwargs.get("fps", None):
+                fps = float(self.request.kwargs["fps"])
+                oargs += ["-r", "%.02f" % fps]
+            oargs += self._arg_output_params
+
+            # Get pixelformat and bytes per pixel
+            pix_fmt = self._pix_fmt
+            bpp = self._depth * self._bytes_per_channel
+
+            # Create generator
+            rf = self._ffmpeg_api.read_frames
+            self._read_gen = rf(
+                self._filename, pix_fmt, bpp, input_params=iargs, output_params=oargs
+            )
+
+            # Read meta data. This start the generator (and ffmpeg subprocess)
+            if self.request._video:
+                # With cameras, catch error and turn into IndexError
+                try:
+                    meta = self._read_gen.__next__()
+                except IOError as err:
+                    err_text = str(err)
+                    if "darwin" in sys.platform:
+                        if "Unknown input format: 'avfoundation'" in err_text:
+                            err_text += (
+                                "Try installing FFMPEG using "
+                                "home brew to get a version with "
+                                "support for cameras."
+                            )
+                    raise IndexError(
+                        "No (working) camera at {}.\n\n{}".format(
+                            self.request._video, err_text
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self._meta.update(meta)
+            elif index == 0:
+                self._meta.update(self._read_gen.__next__())
+            else:
+                self._read_gen.__next__()  # we already have meta data
+
+        def _skip_frames(self, n=1):
+            """ Reads and throws away n frames """
+            for i in range(n):
+                self._read_gen.__next__()
+            self._pos += n
+
+        def _read_frame(self):
+            # Read and convert to numpy array
+            w, h = self._meta["size"]
+            framesize = w * h * self._depth * self._bytes_per_channel
+            # t0 = time.time()
+
+            # Read frame
+            if self._frame_catcher:  # pragma: no cover - camera thing
+                s, is_new = self._frame_catcher.get_frame()
+            else:
+                s = self._read_gen.__next__()
+                is_new = True
+
+            # Check
+            if len(s) != framesize:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Frame is %i bytes, but expected %i." % (len(s), framesize)
+                )
+
+            result = np.frombuffer(s, dtype=self._dtype).copy()
+            result = result.reshape((h, w, self._depth))
+            # t1 = time.time()
+            # print('etime', t1-t0)
+
+            # Store and return
+            self._lastread = result
+            return result, is_new
+
+    # --
+
+    class Writer(Format.Writer):
+
+        _write_gen = None
+
+        def _open(
+            self,
+            fps=10,
+            codec="libx264",
+            bitrate=None,
+            pixelformat="yuv420p",
+            ffmpeg_params=None,
+            input_params=None,
+            output_params=None,
+            ffmpeg_log_level="quiet",
+            quality=5,
+            macro_block_size=16,
+        ):
+            self._ffmpeg_api = _get_ffmpeg_api()
+            self._filename = self.request.get_local_filename()
+            self._pix_fmt = None
+            self._depth = None
+            self._size = None
+
+        def _close(self):
+            if self._write_gen is not None:
+                self._write_gen.close()
+                self._write_gen = None
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+
+            # Get props of image
+            h, w = im.shape[:2]
+            size = w, h
+            depth = 1 if im.ndim == 2 else im.shape[2]
+
+            # Ensure that image is in uint8
+            im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=8)
+            # To be written efficiently, ie. without creating an immutable
+            # buffer, by calling im.tostring() the array must be contiguous.
+            if not im.flags.c_contiguous:
+                # checkign the flag is a micro optimization.
+                # the image will be a numpy subclass. See discussion
+                # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/11804
+                im = np.ascontiguousarray(im)
+
+            # Set size and initialize if not initialized yet
+            if self._size is None:
+                map = {1: "gray", 2: "gray8a", 3: "rgb24", 4: "rgba"}
+                self._pix_fmt = map.get(depth, None)
+                if self._pix_fmt is None:
+                    raise ValueError("Image must have 1, 2, 3 or 4 channels")
+                self._size = size
+                self._depth = depth
+                self._initialize()
+
+            # Check size of image
+            if size != self._size:
+                raise ValueError("All images in a movie should have same size")
+            if depth != self._depth:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "All images in a movie should have same " "number of channels"
+                )
+
+            assert self._write_gen is not None  # Check status
+
+            # Write. Yes, we can send the data in as a numpy array
+            self._write_gen.send(im)
+
+        def set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "The ffmpeg format does not support setting " "meta data."
+            )
+
+        def _initialize(self):
+
+            # Close existing generator
+            if self._write_gen is not None:
+                self._write_gen.close()
+
+            # Get parameters
+            # Use None to let imageio-ffmpeg (or ffmpeg) select good results
+            fps = self.request.kwargs.get("fps", 10)
+            codec = self.request.kwargs.get("codec", None)
+            bitrate = self.request.kwargs.get("bitrate", None)
+            quality = self.request.kwargs.get("quality", None)
+            input_params = self.request.kwargs.get("input_params") or []
+            output_params = self.request.kwargs.get("output_params") or []
+            output_params += self.request.kwargs.get("ffmpeg_params") or []
+            pixelformat = self.request.kwargs.get("pixelformat", None)
+            macro_block_size = self.request.kwargs.get("macro_block_size", 16)
+            ffmpeg_log_level = self.request.kwargs.get("ffmpeg_log_level", None)
+
+            macro_block_size = macro_block_size or 1  # None -> 1
+
+            # Create generator
+            self._write_gen = self._ffmpeg_api.write_frames(
+                self._filename,
+                self._size,
+                pix_fmt_in=self._pix_fmt,
+                pix_fmt_out=pixelformat,
+                fps=fps,
+                quality=quality,
+                bitrate=bitrate,
+                codec=codec,
+                macro_block_size=macro_block_size,
+                ffmpeg_log_level=ffmpeg_log_level,
+                input_params=input_params,
+                output_params=output_params,
+            )
+
+            # Seed the generator (this is where the ffmpeg subprocess starts)
+            self._write_gen.send(None)
+
+
+class FrameCatcher(threading.Thread):
+    """ Thread to keep reading the frame data from stdout. This is
+    useful when streaming from a webcam. Otherwise, if the user code
+    does not grab frames fast enough, the buffer will fill up, leading
+    to lag, and ffmpeg can also stall (experienced on Linux). The
+    get_frame() method always returns the last available image.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, gen):
+        self._gen = gen
+        self._frame = None
+        self._frame_is_new = False
+        self._lock = threading.RLock()
+        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
+        self.setDaemon(True)  # do not let this thread hold up Python shutdown
+        self._should_stop = False
+        self.start()
+
+    def stop_me(self):
+        self._should_stop = True
+        while self.is_alive():
+            time.sleep(0.001)
+
+    def get_frame(self):
+        while self._frame is None:  # pragma: no cover - an init thing
+            time.sleep(0.001)
+        with self._lock:
+            is_new = self._frame_is_new
+            self._frame_is_new = False  # reset
+            return self._frame, is_new
+
+    def run(self):
+        # This runs in the worker thread
+        try:
+            while not self._should_stop:
+                time.sleep(0)  # give control to other threads
+                frame = self._gen.__next__()
+                with self._lock:
+                    self._frame = frame
+                    self._frame_is_new = True
+        except (StopIteration, EOFError):
+            pass
+
+
+def parse_device_names(ffmpeg_output):
+    """ Parse the output of the ffmpeg -list-devices command"""
+    # Collect device names - get [friendly_name, alt_name] of each
+    device_names = []
+    in_video_devices = False
+    for line in ffmpeg_output.splitlines():
+        if line.startswith("[dshow"):
+            logger.debug(line)
+            line = line.split("]", 1)[1].strip()
+            if in_video_devices and line.startswith('"'):
+                friendly_name = line[1:-1]
+                device_names.append([friendly_name, ""])
+            elif in_video_devices and line.lower().startswith("alternative name"):
+                alt_name = line.split(" name ", 1)[1].strip()[1:-1]
+                if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+                    alt_name = alt_name.replace("&", "^&")  # Tested to work
+                else:
+                    alt_name = alt_name.replace("&", "\\&")  # Does this work?
+                device_names[-1][-1] = alt_name
+            elif "video devices" in line:
+                in_video_devices = True
+            elif "devices" in line:
+                # set False for subsequent "devices" sections
+                in_video_devices = False
+    # Post-process, see #441
+    # prefer friendly names, use alt name if two cams have same friendly name
+    device_names2 = []
+    for friendly_name, alt_name in device_names:
+        if friendly_name not in device_names2:
+            device_names2.append(friendly_name)
+        elif alt_name:
+            device_names2.append(alt_name)
+        else:
+            device_names2.append(friendly_name)  # duplicate, but not much we can do
+    return device_names2
+
+
+# Register. You register an *instance* of a Format class.
+format = FfmpegFormat(
+    "ffmpeg",
+    "Many video formats and cameras (via ffmpeg)",
+    ".mov .avi .mpg .mpeg .mp4 .mkv .wmv",
+    "I",
+)
+formats.add_format(format)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/fits.py

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Plugin for reading FITS files.
+"""
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format
+
+_fits = None  # lazily loaded
+
+
+def load_lib():
+    global _fits
+    try:
+        from astropy.io import fits as _fits
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "The FITS format relies on the astropy package."
+            "Please refer to http://www.astropy.org/ "
+            "for further instructions."
+        )
+    return _fits
+
+
+class FitsFormat(Format):
+
+    """ Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) is an open standard defining a
+    digital file format useful for storage, transmission and processing of
+    scientific and other images. FITS is the most commonly used digital
+    file format in astronomy.
+
+    This format requires the ``astropy`` package.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    cache : bool
+        If the file name is a URL, `~astropy.utils.data.download_file` is used
+        to open the file.  This specifies whether or not to save the file
+        locally in Astropy's download cache (default: `True`).
+    uint : bool
+        Interpret signed integer data where ``BZERO`` is the
+        central value and ``BSCALE == 1`` as unsigned integer
+        data.  For example, ``int16`` data with ``BZERO = 32768``
+        and ``BSCALE = 1`` would be treated as ``uint16`` data.
+
+        Note, for backward compatibility, the kwarg **uint16** may
+        be used instead.  The kwarg was renamed when support was
+        added for integers of any size.
+    ignore_missing_end : bool
+        Do not issue an exception when opening a file that is
+        missing an ``END`` card in the last header.
+    checksum : bool or str
+        If `True`, verifies that both ``DATASUM`` and
+        ``CHECKSUM`` card values (when present in the HDU header)
+        match the header and data of all HDU's in the file.  Updates to a
+        file that already has a checksum will preserve and update the
+        existing checksums unless this argument is given a value of
+        'remove', in which case the CHECKSUM and DATASUM values are not
+        checked, and are removed when saving changes to the file.
+    disable_image_compression : bool, optional
+        If `True`, treats compressed image HDU's like normal
+        binary table HDU's.
+    do_not_scale_image_data : bool
+        If `True`, image data is not scaled using BSCALE/BZERO values
+        when read.
+    ignore_blank : bool
+        If `True`, the BLANK keyword is ignored if present.
+    scale_back : bool
+        If `True`, when saving changes to a file that contained scaled
+        image data, restore the data to the original type and reapply the
+        original BSCALE/BZERO values.  This could lead to loss of accuracy
+        if scaling back to integer values after performing floating point
+        operations on the data.
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        # We return True if ext matches, because this is the only plugin
+        # that can. If astropy is not installed, a useful error follows.
+        return request.extension in self.extensions
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        # No write support
+        return False
+
+    # -- reader
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self, cache=False, **kwargs):
+            if not _fits:
+                load_lib()
+            hdulist = _fits.open(self.request.get_file(), cache=cache, **kwargs)
+
+            self._index = []
+            allowed_hdu_types = (_fits.ImageHDU, _fits.PrimaryHDU, _fits.CompImageHDU)
+            for n, hdu in zip(range(len(hdulist)), hdulist):
+                if isinstance(hdu, allowed_hdu_types):
+                    # Ignore (primary) header units with no data (use '.size'
+                    # rather than '.data' to avoid actually loading the image):
+                    if hdu.size > 0:
+                        self._index.append(n)
+            self._hdulist = hdulist
+
+        def _close(self):
+            self._hdulist.close()
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            return len(self._index)
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            # Get data
+            if index < 0 or index >= len(self._index):
+                raise IndexError("Index out of range while reading from fits")
+            im = self._hdulist[self._index[index]].data
+            # Return array and empty meta data
+            return im, {}
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            # Get the meta data for the given index
+            raise RuntimeError("The fits format does not support meta data.")
+
+
+# Register
+format = FitsFormat(
+    "fits", "Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) format", "fits fit fts fz", "iIvV"
+)
+formats.add_format(format)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/freeimage.py

@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Plugin that wraps the freeimage lib. The wrapper for Freeimage is
+part of the core of imageio, but it's functionality is exposed via
+the plugin system (therefore this plugin is very thin).
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format, image_as_uint
+from ._freeimage import fi, download, IO_FLAGS, FNAME_PER_PLATFORM  # noqa
+
+
+# todo: support files with only meta data
+
+
+class FreeimageFormat(Format):
+    """ This is the default format used for FreeImage. Each Freeimage
+    format has the 'flags' keyword argument. See the Freeimage
+    documentation for more information.
+
+    The freeimage plugin requires a `freeimage` binary. If this binary
+    not available on the system, it can be downloaded manually from
+    <https://github.com/imageio/imageio-binaries> by either
+
+    - the command line script ``imageio_download_bin freeimage``
+    - the Python method ``imageio.plugins.freeimage.download()``
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    flags : int
+        A freeimage-specific option. In most cases we provide explicit
+        parameters for influencing image reading.
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ----------------------
+    flags : int
+        A freeimage-specific option. In most cases we provide explicit
+        parameters for influencing image saving.
+    """
+
+    _modes = "i"
+
+    @property
+    def fif(self):
+        return self._fif  # Set when format is created
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        # Ask freeimage if it can read it, maybe ext missing
+        if fi.has_lib():
+            if not hasattr(request, "_fif"):
+                try:
+                    request._fif = fi.getFIF(request.filename, "r", request.firstbytes)
+                except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+                    request._fif = -1
+            if request._fif == self.fif:
+                return True
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        # Ask freeimage, because we are not aware of all formats
+        if fi.has_lib():
+            if not hasattr(request, "_fif"):
+                try:
+                    request._fif = fi.getFIF(request.filename, "w")
+                except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+                    request._fif = -1
+            if request._fif is self.fif:
+                return True
+
+    # --
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _get_length(self):
+            return 1
+
+        def _open(self, flags=0):
+            self._bm = fi.create_bitmap(self.request.filename, self.format.fif, flags)
+            self._bm.load_from_filename(self.request.get_local_filename())
+
+        def _close(self):
+            self._bm.close()
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            if index != 0:
+                raise IndexError("This format only supports singleton images.")
+            return self._bm.get_image_data(), self._bm.get_meta_data()
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            if not (index is None or index == 0):
+                raise IndexError()
+            return self._bm.get_meta_data()
+
+    # --
+
+    class Writer(Format.Writer):
+        def _open(self, flags=0):
+            self._flags = flags  # Store flags for later use
+            self._bm = None
+            self._is_set = False  # To prevent appending more than one image
+            self._meta = {}
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # Set global meta data
+            self._bm.set_meta_data(self._meta)
+            # Write and close
+            self._bm.save_to_filename(self.request.get_local_filename())
+            self._bm.close()
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            # Check if set
+            if not self._is_set:
+                self._is_set = True
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Singleton image; " "can only append image data once."
+                )
+            # Pop unit dimension for grayscale images
+            if im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] == 1:
+                im = im[:, :, 0]
+            # Lazy instantaion of the bitmap, we need image data
+            if self._bm is None:
+                self._bm = fi.create_bitmap(
+                    self.request.filename, self.format.fif, self._flags
+                )
+                self._bm.allocate(im)
+            # Set data
+            self._bm.set_image_data(im)
+            # There is no distinction between global and per-image meta data
+            # for singleton images
+            self._meta = meta
+
+        def _set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            self._meta = meta
+
+
+## Special plugins
+
+# todo: there is also FIF_LOAD_NOPIXELS,
+# but perhaps that should be used with get_meta_data.
+
+
+class FreeimageBmpFormat(FreeimageFormat):
+    """ A BMP format based on the Freeimage library.
+
+    This format supports grayscale, RGB and RGBA images.
+
+    The freeimage plugin requires a `freeimage` binary. If this binary
+    not available on the system, it can be downloaded manually from
+    <https://github.com/imageio/imageio-binaries> by either
+
+    - the command line script ``imageio_download_bin freeimage``
+    - the Python method ``imageio.plugins.freeimage.download()``
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    compression : bool
+        Whether to compress the bitmap using RLE when saving. Default False.
+        It seems this does not always work, but who cares, you should use
+        PNG anyway.
+
+    """
+
+    class Writer(FreeimageFormat.Writer):
+        def _open(self, flags=0, compression=False):
+            # Build flags from kwargs
+            flags = int(flags)
+            if compression:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.BMP_SAVE_RLE
+            else:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.BMP_DEFAULT
+            # Act as usual, but with modified flags
+            return FreeimageFormat.Writer._open(self, flags)
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=8)
+            return FreeimageFormat.Writer._append_data(self, im, meta)
+
+
+class FreeimagePngFormat(FreeimageFormat):
+    """ A PNG format based on the Freeimage library.
+
+    This format supports grayscale, RGB and RGBA images.
+
+    The freeimage plugin requires a `freeimage` binary. If this binary
+    not available on the system, it can be downloaded manually from
+    <https://github.com/imageio/imageio-binaries> by either
+
+    - the command line script ``imageio_download_bin freeimage``
+    - the Python method ``imageio.plugins.freeimage.download()``
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    ignoregamma : bool
+        Avoid gamma correction. Default True.
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    compression : {0, 1, 6, 9}
+        The compression factor. Higher factors result in more
+        compression at the cost of speed. Note that PNG compression is
+        always lossless. Default 9.
+    quantize : int
+        If specified, turn the given RGB or RGBA image in a paletted image
+        for more efficient storage. The value should be between 2 and 256.
+        If the value of 0 the image is not quantized.
+    interlaced : bool
+        Save using Adam7 interlacing. Default False.
+    """
+
+    class Reader(FreeimageFormat.Reader):
+        def _open(self, flags=0, ignoregamma=True):
+            # Build flags from kwargs
+            flags = int(flags)
+            if ignoregamma:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.PNG_IGNOREGAMMA
+            # Enter as usual, with modified flags
+            return FreeimageFormat.Reader._open(self, flags)
+
+    # --
+
+    class Writer(FreeimageFormat.Writer):
+        def _open(self, flags=0, compression=9, quantize=0, interlaced=False):
+            compression_map = {
+                0: IO_FLAGS.PNG_Z_NO_COMPRESSION,
+                1: IO_FLAGS.PNG_Z_BEST_SPEED,
+                6: IO_FLAGS.PNG_Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
+                9: IO_FLAGS.PNG_Z_BEST_COMPRESSION,
+            }
+            # Build flags from kwargs
+            flags = int(flags)
+            if interlaced:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.PNG_INTERLACED
+            try:
+                flags |= compression_map[compression]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise ValueError("Png compression must be 0, 1, 6, or 9.")
+            # Act as usual, but with modified flags
+            return FreeimageFormat.Writer._open(self, flags)
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            if str(im.dtype) == "uint16":
+                im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=16)
+            else:
+                im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=8)
+            FreeimageFormat.Writer._append_data(self, im, meta)
+            # Quantize?
+            q = int(self.request.kwargs.get("quantize", False))
+            if not q:
+                pass
+            elif not (im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] == 3):
+                raise ValueError("Can only quantize RGB images")
+            elif q < 2 or q > 256:
+                raise ValueError("PNG quantize param must be 2..256")
+            else:
+                bm = self._bm.quantize(0, q)
+                self._bm.close()
+                self._bm = bm
+
+
+class FreeimageJpegFormat(FreeimageFormat):
+    """ A JPEG format based on the Freeimage library.
+
+    This format supports grayscale and RGB images.
+
+    The freeimage plugin requires a `freeimage` binary. If this binary
+    not available on the system, it can be downloaded manually from
+    <https://github.com/imageio/imageio-binaries> by either
+
+    - the command line script ``imageio_download_bin freeimage``
+    - the Python method ``imageio.plugins.freeimage.download()``
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    exifrotate : bool
+        Automatically rotate the image according to the exif flag.
+        Default True. If 2 is given, do the rotation in Python instead
+        of freeimage.
+    quickread : bool
+        Read the image more quickly, at the expense of quality.
+        Default False.
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    quality : scalar
+        The compression factor of the saved image (1..100), higher
+        numbers result in higher quality but larger file size. Default 75.
+    progressive : bool
+        Save as a progressive JPEG file (e.g. for images on the web).
+        Default False.
+    optimize : bool
+        On saving, compute optimal Huffman coding tables (can reduce a
+        few percent of file size). Default False.
+    baseline : bool
+        Save basic JPEG, without metadata or any markers. Default False.
+
+    """
+
+    class Reader(FreeimageFormat.Reader):
+        def _open(self, flags=0, exifrotate=True, quickread=False):
+            # Build flags from kwargs
+            flags = int(flags)
+            if exifrotate and exifrotate != 2:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.JPEG_EXIFROTATE
+            if not quickread:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.JPEG_ACCURATE
+            # Enter as usual, with modified flags
+            return FreeimageFormat.Reader._open(self, flags)
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            im, meta = FreeimageFormat.Reader._get_data(self, index)
+            im = self._rotate(im, meta)
+            return im, meta
+
+        def _rotate(self, im, meta):
+            """ Use Orientation information from EXIF meta data to
+            orient the image correctly. Freeimage is also supposed to
+            support that, and I am pretty sure it once did, but now it
+            does not, so let's just do it in Python.
+            Edit: and now it works again, just leave in place as a fallback.
+            """
+            if self.request.kwargs.get("exifrotate", None) == 2:
+                try:
+                    ori = meta["EXIF_MAIN"]["Orientation"]
+                except KeyError:  # pragma: no cover
+                    pass  # Orientation not available
+                else:  # pragma: no cover - we cannot touch all cases
+                    # www.impulseadventure.com/photo/exif-orientation.html
+                    if ori in [1, 2]:
+                        pass
+                    if ori in [3, 4]:
+                        im = np.rot90(im, 2)
+                    if ori in [5, 6]:
+                        im = np.rot90(im, 3)
+                    if ori in [7, 8]:
+                        im = np.rot90(im)
+                    if ori in [2, 4, 5, 7]:  # Flipped cases (rare)
+                        im = np.fliplr(im)
+            return im
+
+    # --
+
+    class Writer(FreeimageFormat.Writer):
+        def _open(
+            self, flags=0, quality=75, progressive=False, optimize=False, baseline=False
+        ):
+            # Test quality
+            quality = int(quality)
+            if quality < 1 or quality > 100:
+                raise ValueError("JPEG quality should be between 1 and 100.")
+            # Build flags from kwargs
+            flags = int(flags)
+            flags |= quality
+            if progressive:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.JPEG_PROGRESSIVE
+            if optimize:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.JPEG_OPTIMIZE
+            if baseline:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.JPEG_BASELINE
+            # Act as usual, but with modified flags
+            return FreeimageFormat.Writer._open(self, flags)
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            if im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] == 4:
+                raise IOError("JPEG does not support alpha channel.")
+            im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=8)
+            return FreeimageFormat.Writer._append_data(self, im, meta)
+
+
+class FreeimagePnmFormat(FreeimageFormat):
+    """ A PNM format based on the Freeimage library.
+
+    This format supports single bit (PBM), grayscale (PGM) and RGB (PPM)
+    images, even with ASCII or binary coding.
+
+    The freeimage plugin requires a `freeimage` binary. If this binary
+    not available on the system, it can be downloaded manually from
+    <https://github.com/imageio/imageio-binaries> by either
+
+    - the command line script ``imageio_download_bin freeimage``
+    - the Python method ``imageio.plugins.freeimage.download()``
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    use_ascii : bool
+        Save with ASCII coding. Default True.
+    """
+
+    class Writer(FreeimageFormat.Writer):
+        def _open(self, flags=0, use_ascii=True):
+            # Build flags from kwargs
+            flags = int(flags)
+            if use_ascii:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.PNM_SAVE_ASCII
+            # Act as usual, but with modified flags
+            return FreeimageFormat.Writer._open(self, flags)
+
+
+## Create the formats
+
+SPECIAL_CLASSES = {
+    "jpeg": FreeimageJpegFormat,
+    "png": FreeimagePngFormat,
+    "bmp": FreeimageBmpFormat,
+    "ppm": FreeimagePnmFormat,
+    "ppmraw": FreeimagePnmFormat,
+    "gif": None,  # defined in freeimagemulti
+    "ico": None,  # defined in freeimagemulti
+    "mng": None,  # defined in freeimagemulti
+}
+
+# rename TIFF to make way for the tiffile plugin
+NAME_MAP = {"TIFF": "FI_TIFF"}
+
+# This is a dump of supported FreeImage formats on Linux fi verion 3.16.0
+# > imageio.plugins.freeimage.create_freeimage_formats()
+# > for i in sorted(imageio.plugins.freeimage.fiformats): print('%r,' % (i, ))
+fiformats = [
+    ("BMP", 0, "Windows or OS/2 Bitmap", "bmp"),
+    ("CUT", 21, "Dr. Halo", "cut"),
+    ("DDS", 24, "DirectX Surface", "dds"),
+    ("EXR", 29, "ILM OpenEXR", "exr"),
+    ("G3", 27, "Raw fax format CCITT G.3", "g3"),
+    ("GIF", 25, "Graphics Interchange Format", "gif"),
+    ("HDR", 26, "High Dynamic Range Image", "hdr"),
+    ("ICO", 1, "Windows Icon", "ico"),
+    ("IFF", 5, "IFF Interleaved Bitmap", "iff,lbm"),
+    ("J2K", 30, "JPEG-2000 codestream", "j2k,j2c"),
+    ("JNG", 3, "JPEG Network Graphics", "jng"),
+    ("JP2", 31, "JPEG-2000 File Format", "jp2"),
+    ("JPEG", 2, "JPEG - JFIF Compliant", "jpg,jif,jpeg,jpe"),
+    ("JPEG-XR", 36, "JPEG XR image format", "jxr,wdp,hdp"),
+    ("KOALA", 4, "C64 Koala Graphics", "koa"),
+    ("MNG", 6, "Multiple-image Network Graphics", "mng"),
+    ("PBM", 7, "Portable Bitmap (ASCII)", "pbm"),
+    ("PBMRAW", 8, "Portable Bitmap (RAW)", "pbm"),
+    ("PCD", 9, "Kodak PhotoCD", "pcd"),
+    ("PCX", 10, "Zsoft Paintbrush", "pcx"),
+    ("PFM", 32, "Portable floatmap", "pfm"),
+    ("PGM", 11, "Portable Greymap (ASCII)", "pgm"),
+    ("PGMRAW", 12, "Portable Greymap (RAW)", "pgm"),
+    ("PICT", 33, "Macintosh PICT", "pct,pict,pic"),
+    ("PNG", 13, "Portable Network Graphics", "png"),
+    ("PPM", 14, "Portable Pixelmap (ASCII)", "ppm"),
+    ("PPMRAW", 15, "Portable Pixelmap (RAW)", "ppm"),
+    ("PSD", 20, "Adobe Photoshop", "psd"),
+    ("RAS", 16, "Sun Raster Image", "ras"),
+    (
+        "RAW",
+        34,
+        "RAW camera image",
+        "3fr,arw,bay,bmq,cap,cine,cr2,crw,cs1,dc2,"
+        "dcr,drf,dsc,dng,erf,fff,ia,iiq,k25,kc2,kdc,mdc,mef,mos,mrw,nef,nrw,orf,"
+        "pef,ptx,pxn,qtk,raf,raw,rdc,rw2,rwl,rwz,sr2,srf,srw,sti",
+    ),
+    ("SGI", 28, "SGI Image Format", "sgi,rgb,rgba,bw"),
+    ("TARGA", 17, "Truevision Targa", "tga,targa"),
+    ("TIFF", 18, "Tagged Image File Format", "tif,tiff"),
+    ("WBMP", 19, "Wireless Bitmap", "wap,wbmp,wbm"),
+    ("WebP", 35, "Google WebP image format", "webp"),
+    ("XBM", 22, "X11 Bitmap Format", "xbm"),
+    ("XPM", 23, "X11 Pixmap Format", "xpm"),
+]
+
+
+def _create_predefined_freeimage_formats():
+
+    for name, i, des, ext in fiformats:
+        # name = NAME_MAP.get(name, name)
+        # Get class for format
+        FormatClass = SPECIAL_CLASSES.get(name.lower(), FreeimageFormat)
+        if FormatClass:
+            # Create Format and add
+            format = FormatClass(name + "-FI", des, ext, FormatClass._modes)
+            format._fif = i
+            formats.add_format(format)
+
+
+def create_freeimage_formats():
+    """ By default, imageio registers a list of predefined formats
+    that freeimage can handle. If your version of imageio can handle
+    more formats, you can call this function to register them.
+    """
+    fiformats[:] = []
+
+    # Freeimage available?
+    if fi is None:  # pragma: no cover
+        return
+
+    # Init
+    lib = fi._lib
+
+    # Create formats
+    for i in range(lib.FreeImage_GetFIFCount()):
+        if lib.FreeImage_IsPluginEnabled(i):
+            # Get info
+            name = lib.FreeImage_GetFormatFromFIF(i).decode("ascii")
+            des = lib.FreeImage_GetFIFDescription(i).decode("ascii")
+            ext = lib.FreeImage_GetFIFExtensionList(i).decode("ascii")
+            fiformats.append((name, i, des, ext))
+            # name = NAME_MAP.get(name, name)
+            # Get class for format
+            FormatClass = SPECIAL_CLASSES.get(name.lower(), FreeimageFormat)
+            if not FormatClass:
+                continue
+            # Create Format and add
+            format = FormatClass(name + "-FI", des, ext, FormatClass._modes)
+            format._fif = i
+            formats.add_format(format, overwrite=True)
+
+
+_create_predefined_freeimage_formats()

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/freeimagemulti.py

@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Plugin for multi-image freeimafe formats, like animated GIF and ico.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format, image_as_uint
+from ._freeimage import fi, IO_FLAGS
+from .freeimage import FreeimageFormat
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class FreeimageMulti(FreeimageFormat):
+    """ Base class for freeimage formats that support multiple images.
+    """
+
+    _modes = "iI"
+    _fif = -1
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self, flags=0):
+            flags = int(flags)
+            # Create bitmap
+            self._bm = fi.create_multipage_bitmap(
+                self.request.filename, self.format.fif, flags
+            )
+            self._bm.load_from_filename(self.request.get_local_filename())
+
+        def _close(self):
+            self._bm.close()
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            return len(self._bm)
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            sub = self._bm.get_page(index)
+            try:
+                return sub.get_image_data(), sub.get_meta_data()
+            finally:
+                sub.close()
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            index = index or 0
+            if index < 0 or index >= len(self._bm):
+                raise IndexError()
+            sub = self._bm.get_page(index)
+            try:
+                return sub.get_meta_data()
+            finally:
+                sub.close()
+
+    # --
+
+    class Writer(FreeimageFormat.Writer):
+        def _open(self, flags=0):
+            # Set flags
+            self._flags = flags = int(flags)
+            # Instantiate multi-page bitmap
+            self._bm = fi.create_multipage_bitmap(
+                self.request.filename, self.format.fif, flags
+            )
+            self._bm.save_to_filename(self.request.get_local_filename())
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # Close bitmap
+            self._bm.close()
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            # Prepare data
+            if im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] == 1:
+                im = im[:, :, 0]
+            im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=8)
+            # Create sub bitmap
+            sub1 = fi.create_bitmap(self._bm._filename, self.format.fif)
+            # Let subclass add data to bitmap, optionally return new
+            sub2 = self._append_bitmap(im, meta, sub1)
+            # Add
+            self._bm.append_bitmap(sub2)
+            sub2.close()
+            if sub1 is not sub2:
+                sub1.close()
+
+        def _append_bitmap(self, im, meta, bitmap):
+            # Set data
+            bitmap.allocate(im)
+            bitmap.set_image_data(im)
+            bitmap.set_meta_data(meta)
+            # Return that same bitmap
+            return bitmap
+
+        def _set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            pass  # ignore global meta data
+
+
+class MngFormat(FreeimageMulti):
+    """ An Mng format based on the Freeimage library.
+
+    Read only. Seems broken.
+    """
+
+    _fif = 6
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):  # pragma: no cover
+        return False
+
+
+class IcoFormat(FreeimageMulti):
+    """ An ICO format based on the Freeimage library.
+
+    This format supports grayscale, RGB and RGBA images.
+
+    The freeimage plugin requires a `freeimage` binary. If this binary
+    is not available on the system, it can be downloaded by either
+
+    - the command line script ``imageio_download_bin freeimage``
+    - the Python method ``imageio.plugins.freeimage.download()``
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    makealpha : bool
+        Convert to 32-bit and create an alpha channel from the AND-
+        mask when loading. Default False. Note that this returns wrong
+        results if the image was already RGBA.
+
+    """
+
+    _fif = 1
+
+    class Reader(FreeimageMulti.Reader):
+        def _open(self, flags=0, makealpha=False):
+            # Build flags from kwargs
+            flags = int(flags)
+            if makealpha:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.ICO_MAKEALPHA
+            return FreeimageMulti.Reader._open(self, flags)
+
+
+class GifFormat(FreeimageMulti):
+    """ A format for reading and writing static and animated GIF, based
+    on the Freeimage library.
+
+    Images read with this format are always RGBA. Currently,
+    the alpha channel is ignored when saving RGB images with this
+    format.
+
+    The freeimage plugin requires a `freeimage` binary. If this binary
+    is not available on the system, it can be downloaded by either
+
+    - the command line script ``imageio_download_bin freeimage``
+    - the Python method ``imageio.plugins.freeimage.download()``
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    playback : bool
+        'Play' the GIF to generate each frame (as 32bpp) instead of
+        returning raw frame data when loading. Default True.
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    loop : int
+        The number of iterations. Default 0 (meaning loop indefinitely)
+    duration : {float, list}
+        The duration (in seconds) of each frame. Either specify one value
+        that is used for all frames, or one value for each frame.
+        Note that in the GIF format the duration/delay is expressed in
+        hundredths of a second, which limits the precision of the duration.
+    fps : float
+        The number of frames per second. If duration is not given, the
+        duration for each frame is set to 1/fps. Default 10.
+    palettesize : int
+        The number of colors to quantize the image to. Is rounded to
+        the nearest power of two. Default 256.
+    quantizer : {'wu', 'nq'}
+        The quantization algorithm:
+            * wu - Wu, Xiaolin, Efficient Statistical Computations for
+              Optimal Color Quantization
+            * nq (neuqant) - Dekker A. H., Kohonen neural networks for
+              optimal color quantization
+    subrectangles : bool
+        If True, will try and optimize the GIF by storing only the
+        rectangular parts of each frame that change with respect to the
+        previous. Unfortunately, this option seems currently broken
+        because FreeImage does not handle DisposalMethod correctly.
+        Default False.
+    """
+
+    _fif = 25
+
+    class Reader(FreeimageMulti.Reader):
+        def _open(self, flags=0, playback=True):
+            # Build flags from kwargs
+            flags = int(flags)
+            if playback:
+                flags |= IO_FLAGS.GIF_PLAYBACK
+            FreeimageMulti.Reader._open(self, flags)
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            im, meta = FreeimageMulti.Reader._get_data(self, index)
+            # im = im[:, :, :3]  # Drop alpha channel
+            return im, meta
+
+    # -- writer
+
+    class Writer(FreeimageMulti.Writer):
+
+        # todo: subrectangles
+        # todo: global palette
+
+        def _open(
+            self,
+            flags=0,
+            loop=0,
+            duration=None,
+            fps=10,
+            palettesize=256,
+            quantizer="Wu",
+            subrectangles=False,
+        ):
+            # Check palettesize
+            if palettesize < 2 or palettesize > 256:
+                raise ValueError("GIF quantize param must be 2..256")
+            if palettesize not in [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256]:
+                palettesize = 2 ** int(np.log2(128) + 0.999)
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Warning: palettesize (%r) modified to a factor of "
+                    "two between 2-256." % palettesize
+                )
+            self._palettesize = palettesize
+            # Check quantizer
+            self._quantizer = {"wu": 0, "nq": 1}.get(quantizer.lower(), None)
+            if self._quantizer is None:
+                raise ValueError('Invalid quantizer, must be "wu" or "nq".')
+            # Check frametime
+            if duration is None:
+                self._frametime = [int(1000 / float(fps) + 0.5)]
+            elif isinstance(duration, list):
+                self._frametime = [int(1000 * d) for d in duration]
+            elif isinstance(duration, (float, int)):
+                self._frametime = [int(1000 * duration)]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid value for duration: %r" % duration)
+            # Check subrectangles
+            self._subrectangles = bool(subrectangles)
+            self._prev_im = None
+            # Init
+            FreeimageMulti.Writer._open(self, flags)
+            # Set global meta data
+            self._meta = {}
+            self._meta["ANIMATION"] = {
+                # 'GlobalPalette': np.array([0]).astype(np.uint8),
+                "Loop": np.array([loop]).astype(np.uint32),
+                # 'LogicalWidth': np.array([x]).astype(np.uint16),
+                # 'LogicalHeight': np.array([x]).astype(np.uint16),
+            }
+
+        def _append_bitmap(self, im, meta, bitmap):
+            # Prepare meta data
+            meta = meta.copy()
+            meta_a = meta["ANIMATION"] = {}
+            # If this is the first frame, assign it our "global" meta data
+            if len(self._bm) == 0:
+                meta.update(self._meta)
+                meta_a = meta["ANIMATION"]
+            # Set frame time
+            index = len(self._bm)
+            if index < len(self._frametime):
+                ft = self._frametime[index]
+            else:
+                ft = self._frametime[-1]
+            meta_a["FrameTime"] = np.array([ft]).astype(np.uint32)
+            # Check array
+            if im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] == 4:
+                im = im[:, :, :3]
+            # Process subrectangles
+            im_uncropped = im
+            if self._subrectangles and self._prev_im is not None:
+                im, xy = self._get_sub_rectangles(self._prev_im, im)
+                meta_a["DisposalMethod"] = np.array([1]).astype(np.uint8)
+                meta_a["FrameLeft"] = np.array([xy[0]]).astype(np.uint16)
+                meta_a["FrameTop"] = np.array([xy[1]]).astype(np.uint16)
+            self._prev_im = im_uncropped
+            # Set image data
+            sub2 = sub1 = bitmap
+            sub1.allocate(im)
+            sub1.set_image_data(im)
+            # Quantize it if its RGB
+            if im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] == 3:
+                sub2 = sub1.quantize(self._quantizer, self._palettesize)
+            # If single image, omit animation data
+            if self.request.mode[1] == "i":
+                del meta["ANIMATION"]
+            # Set meta data and return
+            sub2.set_meta_data(meta)
+            return sub2
+
+        def _get_sub_rectangles(self, prev, im):
+            """
+            Calculate the minimal rectangles that need updating each frame.
+            Returns a two-element tuple containing the cropped images and a
+            list of x-y positions.
+            """
+            # Get difference, sum over colors
+            diff = np.abs(im - prev)
+            if diff.ndim == 3:
+                diff = diff.sum(2)
+            # Get begin and end for both dimensions
+            X = np.argwhere(diff.sum(0))
+            Y = np.argwhere(diff.sum(1))
+            # Get rect coordinates
+            if X.size and Y.size:
+                x0, x1 = int(X[0]), int(X[-1]) + 1
+                y0, y1 = int(Y[0]), int(Y[-1]) + 1
+            else:  # No change ... make it minimal
+                x0, x1 = 0, 2
+                y0, y1 = 0, 2
+            # Cut out and return
+            return im[y0:y1, x0:x1], (x0, y0)
+
+
+# formats.add_format(MngFormat('MNG', 'Multiple network graphics',
+#                                    '.mng', 'iI'))
+formats.add_format(IcoFormat("ICO-FI", "Windows icon", ".ico", "iI"))
+formats.add_format(
+    GifFormat("GIF-FI", "Static and animated gif (FreeImage)", ".gif", "iI")
+)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/gdal.py

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Plugin for reading gdal files.
+"""
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format, has_module
+
+_gdal = None  # lazily loaded in load_lib()
+
+
+def load_lib():
+    global _gdal
+    try:
+        import osgeo.gdal as _gdal
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "The GDAL format relies on the GDAL package."
+            "Please refer to http://www.gdal.org/"
+            "for further instructions."
+        )
+    return _gdal
+
+
+GDAL_FORMATS = (".tiff", " .tif", ".img", ".ecw", ".jpg", ".jpeg")
+
+
+class GdalFormat(Format):
+
+    """
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    None
+
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        if request.extension in (".ecw",):
+            return True
+        if has_module("osgeo.gdal"):
+            return request.extension in self.extensions
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        return False
+
+    # --
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self):
+            if not _gdal:
+                load_lib()
+            self._ds = _gdal.Open(self.request.get_local_filename())
+
+        def _close(self):
+            del self._ds
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            return 1
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            if index != 0:
+                raise IndexError("Gdal file contains only one dataset")
+            return self._ds.ReadAsArray(), self._get_meta_data(index)
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            return self._ds.GetMetadata()
+
+
+# Add this format
+formats.add_format(
+    GdalFormat(
+        "gdal", "Geospatial Data Abstraction Library", " ".join(GDAL_FORMATS), "iIvV"
+    )
+)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/grab.py

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+"""
+PIL-based formats to take screenshots and grab from the clipboard.
+"""
+
+import threading
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format
+
+
+class BaseGrabFormat(Format):
+    """ Base format for grab formats.
+    """
+
+    _pillow_imported = False
+    _ImageGrab = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(BaseGrabFormat, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._lock = threading.RLock()
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        return False
+
+    def _init_pillow(self):
+        with self._lock:
+            if not self._pillow_imported:
+                self._pillow_imported = True  # more like tried to import
+                import PIL
+
+                if not hasattr(PIL, "__version__"):  # pragma: no cover
+                    raise ImportError("Imageio Pillow requires " "Pillow, not PIL!")
+                try:
+                    from PIL import ImageGrab
+                except ImportError:
+                    return None
+                self._ImageGrab = ImageGrab
+        return self._ImageGrab
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self):
+            pass
+
+        def _close(self):
+            pass
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            return self.format._get_data(index)
+
+
+class ScreenGrabFormat(BaseGrabFormat):
+    """ The ScreenGrabFormat provided a means to grab screenshots using
+    the uri of "<screen>".
+
+    This functionality is provided via Pillow. Note that "<screen>" is
+    only supported on Windows and OS X.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    No parameters.
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        if request.mode[1] not in "i?":
+            return False
+        if request.filename != "<screen>":
+            return False
+        return bool(self._init_pillow())
+
+    def _get_data(self, index):
+        ImageGrab = self._init_pillow()
+        assert ImageGrab
+
+        pil_im = ImageGrab.grab()
+        assert pil_im is not None
+        im = np.asarray(pil_im)
+        return im, {}
+
+
+class ClipboardGrabFormat(BaseGrabFormat):
+    """ The ClipboardGrabFormat provided a means to grab image data from
+    the clipboard, using the uri "<clipboard>"
+
+    This functionality is provided via Pillow. Note that "<clipboard>" is
+    only supported on Windows.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    No parameters.
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        if request.mode[1] not in "i?":
+            return False
+        if request.filename != "<clipboard>":
+            return False
+        return bool(self._init_pillow())
+
+    def _get_data(self, index):
+        ImageGrab = self._init_pillow()
+        assert ImageGrab
+
+        pil_im = ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
+        if pil_im is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "There seems to be no image data on the " "clipboard now."
+            )
+        im = np.asarray(pil_im)
+        return im, {}
+
+
+# Register. You register an *instance* of a Format class.
+format = ScreenGrabFormat(
+    "screengrab", "Grab screenshots (Windows and OS X only)", [], "i"
+)
+formats.add_format(format)
+
+format = ClipboardGrabFormat(
+    "clipboardgrab", "Grab from clipboard (Windows only)", [], "i"
+)
+formats.add_format(format)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/lytro.py

@@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (c) 2018, imageio contributors
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+#
+
+""" Lytro Illum Plugin.
+    Plugin to read Lytro Illum .lfr and .raw files as produced
+    by the Lytro Illum light field camera.
+"""
+#
+#
+# This code is based on work by
+# David Uhlig and his lfr_reader
+#   (https://www.iiit.kit.edu/uhlig.php)
+# Donald Dansereau and his Matlab LF Toolbox
+#   (http://dgd.vision/Tools/LFToolbox/)
+# and Behnam Esfahbod and his Python LFP-Reader
+#   (https://github.com/behnam/python-lfp-reader/)
+
+
+import os
+import json
+import struct
+import logging
+
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format
+from .. import imread
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# Sensor size of Lytro Illum resp. Lytro F01 light field camera sensor
+LYTRO_ILLUM_IMAGE_SIZE = (5368, 7728)
+LYTRO_F01_IMAGE_SIZE = (3280, 3280)
+
+# Parameter of lfr file format
+HEADER_LENGTH = 12
+SIZE_LENGTH = 4  # = 16 - header_length
+SHA1_LENGTH = 45  # = len("sha1-") + (160 / 4)
+PADDING_LENGTH = 35  # = (4*16) - header_length - size_length - sha1_length
+DATA_CHUNKS_ILLUM = 11
+DATA_CHUNKS_F01 = 3
+
+
+class LytroFormat(Format):
+    """ Base class for Lytro format.
+    The subclasses LytroLfrFormat, LytroLfpFormat, LytroIllumRawFormat and
+    LytroF01RawFormat implement the Lytro-LFR, Lytro-LFP and Lytro-RAW format
+    for the Illum and original F01 camera respectively.
+    Writing is not supported.
+    """
+
+    # Only single images are supported.
+    _modes = "i"
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        # Writing of Lytro files is not supported
+        return False
+
+    # -- writer
+
+    class Writer(Format.Writer):
+        def _open(self, flags=0):
+            self._fp = self.request.get_file()
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # Close the reader.
+            # Note that the request object will close self._fp
+            pass
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            # Process the given data and meta data.
+            raise RuntimeError("The lytro format cannot write image data.")
+
+        def _set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            # Process the given meta data (global for all images)
+            # It is not mandatory to support this.
+            raise RuntimeError("The lytro format cannot write meta data.")
+
+
+class LytroIllumRawFormat(LytroFormat):
+    """ This is the Lytro Illum RAW format.
+    The raw format is a 10bit image format as used by the Lytro Illum
+    light field camera. The format will read the specified raw file and will
+    try to load a .txt or .json file with the associated meta data.
+    This format does not support writing.
+
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    None
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        # Check if mode and extensions are supported by the format
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            if request.extension in (".raw",):
+                return True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def rearrange_bits(array):
+        # Do bit rearrangement for the 10-bit lytro raw format
+        # Normalize output to 1.0 as float64
+        t0 = array[0::5]
+        t1 = array[1::5]
+        t2 = array[2::5]
+        t3 = array[3::5]
+        lsb = array[4::5]
+
+        t0 = np.left_shift(t0, 2) + np.bitwise_and(lsb, 3)
+        t1 = np.left_shift(t1, 2) + np.right_shift(np.bitwise_and(lsb, 12), 2)
+        t2 = np.left_shift(t2, 2) + np.right_shift(np.bitwise_and(lsb, 48), 4)
+        t3 = np.left_shift(t3, 2) + np.right_shift(np.bitwise_and(lsb, 192), 6)
+
+        image = np.zeros(LYTRO_ILLUM_IMAGE_SIZE, dtype=np.uint16)
+        image[:, 0::4] = t0.reshape(
+            (LYTRO_ILLUM_IMAGE_SIZE[0], LYTRO_ILLUM_IMAGE_SIZE[1] // 4)
+        )
+        image[:, 1::4] = t1.reshape(
+            (LYTRO_ILLUM_IMAGE_SIZE[0], LYTRO_ILLUM_IMAGE_SIZE[1] // 4)
+        )
+        image[:, 2::4] = t2.reshape(
+            (LYTRO_ILLUM_IMAGE_SIZE[0], LYTRO_ILLUM_IMAGE_SIZE[1] // 4)
+        )
+        image[:, 3::4] = t3.reshape(
+            (LYTRO_ILLUM_IMAGE_SIZE[0], LYTRO_ILLUM_IMAGE_SIZE[1] // 4)
+        )
+
+        # Normalize data to 1.0 as 64-bit float.
+        # Division is by 1023 as the Lytro Illum saves 10-bit raw data.
+        return np.divide(image, 1023.0).astype(np.float64)
+
+    # -- reader
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self):
+            self._file = self.request.get_file()
+            self._data = None
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # Close the reader.
+            # Note that the request object will close self._file
+            del self._data
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            # Return the number of images.
+            return 1
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            # Return the data and meta data for the given index
+
+            if index not in [0, "None"]:
+                raise IndexError("Lytro file contains only one dataset")
+
+            # Read all bytes
+            if self._data is None:
+                self._data = self._file.read()
+
+            # Read bytes from string and convert to uint16
+            raw = np.frombuffer(self._data, dtype=np.uint8).astype(np.uint16)
+
+            # Rearrange bits
+            img = LytroIllumRawFormat.rearrange_bits(raw)
+
+            # Return image and meta data
+            return img, self._get_meta_data(index=0)
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            # Get the meta data for the given index. If index is None, it
+            # should return the global meta data.
+
+            if index not in [0, None]:
+                raise IndexError("Lytro meta data file contains only one dataset")
+
+            # Try to read meta data from meta data file corresponding
+            # to the raw data file, extension in [.txt, .TXT, .json, .JSON]
+            filename_base = os.path.splitext(self.request.get_local_filename())[0]
+
+            meta_data = None
+
+            for ext in [".txt", ".TXT", ".json", ".JSON"]:
+                if os.path.isfile(filename_base + ext):
+                    meta_data = json.load(open(filename_base + ext))
+
+            if meta_data is not None:
+                return meta_data
+
+            else:
+                logger.warning("No metadata file found for provided raw file.")
+                return {}
+
+
+class LytroLfrFormat(LytroFormat):
+    """ This is the Lytro Illum LFR format.
+    The lfr is a image and meta data container format as used by the
+    Lytro Illum light field camera.
+    The format will read the specified lfr file.
+    This format does not support writing.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    None
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        # Check if mode and extensions are supported by the format
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            if request.extension in (".lfr",):
+                return True
+
+    # -- reader
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self):
+            self._file = self.request.get_file()
+            self._data = None
+            self._chunks = {}
+            self.metadata = {}
+            self._content = None
+
+            self._find_header()
+            self._find_chunks()
+            self._find_meta()
+
+            try:
+                # Get sha1 dict and check if it is in dictionary of data chunks
+                chunk_dict = self._content["frames"][0]["frame"]
+                if (
+                    chunk_dict["metadataRef"] in self._chunks
+                    and chunk_dict["imageRef"] in self._chunks
+                    and chunk_dict["privateMetadataRef"] in self._chunks
+                ):
+
+                    # Read raw image data byte buffer
+                    data_pos, size = self._chunks[chunk_dict["imageRef"]]
+                    self._file.seek(data_pos, 0)
+                    self.raw_image_data = self._file.read(size)
+
+                    # Read meta data
+                    data_pos, size = self._chunks[chunk_dict["metadataRef"]]
+                    self._file.seek(data_pos, 0)
+                    metadata = self._file.read(size)
+                    # Add metadata to meta data dict
+                    self.metadata["metadata"] = json.loads(metadata.decode("ASCII"))
+
+                    # Read private metadata
+                    data_pos, size = self._chunks[chunk_dict["privateMetadataRef"]]
+                    self._file.seek(data_pos, 0)
+                    serial_numbers = self._file.read(size)
+                    self.serial_numbers = json.loads(serial_numbers.decode("ASCII"))
+                    # Add private metadata to meta data dict
+                    self.metadata["privateMetadata"] = self.serial_numbers
+
+                # Read image preview thumbnail
+                chunk_dict = self._content["thumbnails"][0]
+                if chunk_dict["imageRef"] in self._chunks:
+                    # Read thumbnail image from thumbnail chunk
+                    data_pos, size = self._chunks[chunk_dict["imageRef"]]
+                    self._file.seek(data_pos, 0)
+                    # Read binary data, read image as jpeg
+                    thumbnail_data = self._file.read(size)
+                    thumbnail_img = imread(thumbnail_data, format="jpeg")
+
+                    thumbnail_height = chunk_dict["height"]
+                    thumbnail_width = chunk_dict["width"]
+
+                    # Add thumbnail to metadata
+                    self.metadata["thumbnail"] = {
+                        "image": thumbnail_img,
+                        "height": thumbnail_height,
+                        "width": thumbnail_width,
+                    }
+
+            except KeyError:
+                raise RuntimeError("The specified file is not a valid LFR file.")
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # Close the reader.
+            # Note that the request object will close self._file
+            del self._data
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            # Return the number of images. Can be np.inf
+            return 1
+
+        def _find_header(self):
+            """
+            Checks if file has correct header and skip it.
+            """
+            file_header = b"\x89LFP\x0D\x0A\x1A\x0A\x00\x00\x00\x01"
+            # Read and check header of file
+            header = self._file.read(HEADER_LENGTH)
+            if header != file_header:
+                raise RuntimeError("The LFR file header is invalid.")
+
+            # Read first bytes to skip header
+            self._file.read(SIZE_LENGTH)
+
+        def _find_chunks(self):
+            """
+            Gets start position and size of data chunks in file.
+            """
+            chunk_header = b"\x89LFC\x0D\x0A\x1A\x0A\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+
+            for i in range(0, DATA_CHUNKS_ILLUM):
+                data_pos, size, sha1 = self._get_chunk(chunk_header)
+                self._chunks[sha1] = (data_pos, size)
+
+        def _find_meta(self):
+            """
+            Gets a data chunk that contains information over content
+            of other data chunks.
+            """
+            meta_header = b"\x89LFM\x0D\x0A\x1A\x0A\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+            data_pos, size, sha1 = self._get_chunk(meta_header)
+
+            # Get content
+            self._file.seek(data_pos, 0)
+            data = self._file.read(size)
+            self._content = json.loads(data.decode("ASCII"))
+
+        def _get_chunk(self, header):
+            """
+            Checks if chunk has correct header and skips it.
+            Finds start position and length of next chunk and reads
+            sha1-string that identifies the following data chunk.
+
+            Parameters
+            ----------
+            header : bytes
+                Byte string that identifies start of chunk.
+
+            Returns
+            -------
+                data_pos : int
+                    Start position of data chunk in file.
+                size : int
+                    Size of data chunk.
+                sha1 : str
+                    Sha1 value of chunk.
+            """
+            # Read and check header of chunk
+            header_chunk = self._file.read(HEADER_LENGTH)
+            if header_chunk != header:
+                raise RuntimeError("The LFR chunk header is invalid.")
+
+            data_pos = None
+            sha1 = None
+
+            # Read size
+            size = struct.unpack(">i", self._file.read(SIZE_LENGTH))[0]
+            if size > 0:
+                # Read sha1
+                sha1 = str(self._file.read(SHA1_LENGTH).decode("ASCII"))
+                # Skip fixed null chars
+                self._file.read(PADDING_LENGTH)
+                # Find start of data and skip data
+                data_pos = self._file.tell()
+                self._file.seek(size, 1)
+                # Skip extra null chars
+                ch = self._file.read(1)
+                while ch == b"\0":
+                    ch = self._file.read(1)
+                self._file.seek(-1, 1)
+
+            return data_pos, size, sha1
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            # Return the data and meta data for the given index
+            if index not in [0, None]:
+                raise IndexError("Lytro lfr file contains only one dataset")
+
+            # Read bytes from string and convert to uint16
+            raw = np.frombuffer(self.raw_image_data, dtype=np.uint8).astype(np.uint16)
+            im = LytroIllumRawFormat.rearrange_bits(raw)
+
+            # Return array and dummy meta data
+            return im, self.metadata
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            # Get the meta data for the given index. If index is None,
+            # it returns the global meta data.
+            if index not in [0, None]:
+                raise IndexError("Lytro meta data file contains only one dataset")
+
+            return self.metadata
+
+
+class LytroF01RawFormat(LytroFormat):
+    """ This is the Lytro RAW format for the original F01 Lytro camera.
+    The raw format is a 12bit image format as used by the Lytro F01
+    light field camera. The format will read the specified raw file and will
+    try to load a .txt or .json file with the associated meta data.
+    This format does not support writing.
+
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    None
+
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        # Check if mode and extensions are supported by the format
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            if request.extension in (".raw",):
+                return True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def rearrange_bits(array):
+        # Do bit rearrangement for the 12-bit lytro raw format
+        # Normalize output to 1.0 as float64
+        t0 = array[0::3]
+        t1 = array[1::3]
+        t2 = array[2::3]
+
+        a0 = np.left_shift(t0, 4) + np.right_shift(np.bitwise_and(t1, 240), 4)
+        a1 = np.left_shift(np.bitwise_and(t1, 15), 8) + t2
+
+        image = np.zeros(LYTRO_F01_IMAGE_SIZE, dtype=np.uint16)
+        image[:, 0::2] = a0.reshape(
+            (LYTRO_F01_IMAGE_SIZE[0], LYTRO_F01_IMAGE_SIZE[1] // 2)
+        )
+        image[:, 1::2] = a1.reshape(
+            (LYTRO_F01_IMAGE_SIZE[0], LYTRO_F01_IMAGE_SIZE[1] // 2)
+        )
+
+        # Normalize data to 1.0 as 64-bit float.
+        # Division is by 4095 as the Lytro F01 saves 12-bit raw data.
+        return np.divide(image, 4095.0).astype(np.float64)
+
+    # -- reader
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self):
+            self._file = self.request.get_file()
+            self._data = None
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # Close the reader.
+            # Note that the request object will close self._file
+            del self._data
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            # Return the number of images.
+            return 1
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            # Return the data and meta data for the given index
+
+            if index not in [0, "None"]:
+                raise IndexError("Lytro file contains only one dataset")
+
+            # Read all bytes
+            if self._data is None:
+                self._data = self._file.read()
+
+            # Read bytes from string and convert to uint16
+            raw = np.frombuffer(self._data, dtype=np.uint8).astype(np.uint16)
+
+            # Rearrange bits
+            img = LytroF01RawFormat.rearrange_bits(raw)
+
+            # Return image and meta data
+            return img, self._get_meta_data(index=0)
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            # Get the meta data for the given index. If index is None, it
+            # should return the global meta data.
+
+            if index not in [0, None]:
+                raise IndexError("Lytro meta data file contains only one dataset")
+
+            # Try to read meta data from meta data file corresponding
+            # to the raw data file, extension in [.txt, .TXT, .json, .JSON]
+            filename_base = os.path.splitext(self.request.get_local_filename())[0]
+
+            meta_data = None
+
+            for ext in [".txt", ".TXT", ".json", ".JSON"]:
+                if os.path.isfile(filename_base + ext):
+                    meta_data = json.load(open(filename_base + ext))
+
+            if meta_data is not None:
+                return meta_data
+
+            else:
+                logger.warning("No metadata file found for provided raw file.")
+                return {}
+
+
+class LytroLfpFormat(LytroFormat):
+    """ This is the Lytro Illum LFP format.
+    The lfp is a image and meta data container format as used by the
+    Lytro F01 light field camera.
+    The format will read the specified lfp file.
+    This format does not support writing.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    None
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        # Check if mode and extensions are supported by the format
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            if request.extension in (".lfp",):
+                return True
+
+    # -- reader
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self):
+            self._file = self.request.get_file()
+            self._data = None
+            self._chunks = {}
+            self.metadata = {}
+            self._content = None
+
+            self._find_header()
+            self._find_meta()
+            self._find_chunks()
+
+            try:
+                # Get sha1 dict and check if it is in dictionary of data chunks
+                chunk_dict = self._content["picture"]["frameArray"][0]["frame"]
+                if (
+                    chunk_dict["metadataRef"] in self._chunks
+                    and chunk_dict["imageRef"] in self._chunks
+                    and chunk_dict["privateMetadataRef"] in self._chunks
+                ):
+
+                    # Read raw image data byte buffer
+                    data_pos, size = self._chunks[chunk_dict["imageRef"]]
+                    self._file.seek(data_pos, 0)
+                    self.raw_image_data = self._file.read(size)
+
+                    # Read meta data
+                    data_pos, size = self._chunks[chunk_dict["metadataRef"]]
+                    self._file.seek(data_pos, 0)
+                    metadata = self._file.read(size)
+                    # Add metadata to meta data dict
+                    self.metadata["metadata"] = json.loads(metadata.decode("ASCII"))
+
+                    # Read private metadata
+                    data_pos, size = self._chunks[chunk_dict["privateMetadataRef"]]
+                    self._file.seek(data_pos, 0)
+                    serial_numbers = self._file.read(size)
+                    self.serial_numbers = json.loads(serial_numbers.decode("ASCII"))
+                    # Add private metadata to meta data dict
+                    self.metadata["privateMetadata"] = self.serial_numbers
+
+            except KeyError:
+                raise RuntimeError("The specified file is not a valid LFP file.")
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # Close the reader.
+            # Note that the request object will close self._file
+            del self._data
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            # Return the number of images. Can be np.inf
+            return 1
+
+        def _find_header(self):
+            """
+            Checks if file has correct header and skip it.
+            """
+            file_header = b"\x89LFP\x0D\x0A\x1A\x0A\x00\x00\x00\x01"
+
+            # Read and check header of file
+            header = self._file.read(HEADER_LENGTH)
+            if header != file_header:
+                raise RuntimeError("The LFP file header is invalid.")
+
+            # Read first bytes to skip header
+            self._file.read(SIZE_LENGTH)
+
+        def _find_chunks(self):
+            """
+            Gets start position and size of data chunks in file.
+            """
+            chunk_header = b"\x89LFC\x0D\x0A\x1A\x0A\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+
+            for i in range(0, DATA_CHUNKS_F01):
+                data_pos, size, sha1 = self._get_chunk(chunk_header)
+                self._chunks[sha1] = (data_pos, size)
+
+        def _find_meta(self):
+            """
+            Gets a data chunk that contains information over content
+            of other data chunks.
+            """
+            meta_header = b"\x89LFM\x0D\x0A\x1A\x0A\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+
+            data_pos, size, sha1 = self._get_chunk(meta_header)
+
+            # Get content
+            self._file.seek(data_pos, 0)
+            data = self._file.read(size)
+            self._content = json.loads(data.decode("ASCII"))
+            data = self._file.read(5)  # Skip 5
+
+        def _get_chunk(self, header):
+            """
+            Checks if chunk has correct header and skips it.
+            Finds start position and length of next chunk and reads
+            sha1-string that identifies the following data chunk.
+
+            Parameters
+            ----------
+            header : bytes
+                Byte string that identifies start of chunk.
+
+            Returns
+            -------
+                data_pos : int
+                    Start position of data chunk in file.
+                size : int
+                    Size of data chunk.
+                sha1 : str
+                    Sha1 value of chunk.
+            """
+            # Read and check header of chunk
+            header_chunk = self._file.read(HEADER_LENGTH)
+            if header_chunk != header:
+                raise RuntimeError("The LFP chunk header is invalid.")
+
+            data_pos = None
+            sha1 = None
+
+            # Read size
+            size = struct.unpack(">i", self._file.read(SIZE_LENGTH))[0]
+            if size > 0:
+                # Read sha1
+                sha1 = str(self._file.read(SHA1_LENGTH).decode("ASCII"))
+                # Skip fixed null chars
+                self._file.read(PADDING_LENGTH)
+                # Find start of data and skip data
+                data_pos = self._file.tell()
+                self._file.seek(size, 1)
+                # Skip extra null chars
+                ch = self._file.read(1)
+                while ch == b"\0":
+                    ch = self._file.read(1)
+                self._file.seek(-1, 1)
+
+            return data_pos, size, sha1
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            # Return the data and meta data for the given index
+            if index not in [0, None]:
+                raise IndexError("Lytro lfp file contains only one dataset")
+
+            # Read bytes from string and convert to uint16
+            raw = np.frombuffer(self.raw_image_data, dtype=np.uint8).astype(np.uint16)
+            im = LytroF01RawFormat.rearrange_bits(raw)
+
+            # Return array and dummy meta data
+            return im, self.metadata
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            # Get the meta data for the given index. If index is None,
+            # it returns the global meta data.
+            if index not in [0, None]:
+                raise IndexError("Lytro meta data file contains only one dataset")
+
+            return self.metadata
+
+
+# Create the formats
+SPECIAL_CLASSES = {
+    "lytro-lfr": LytroLfrFormat,
+    "lytro-illum-raw": LytroIllumRawFormat,
+    "lytro-lfp": LytroLfpFormat,
+    "lytro-f01-raw": LytroF01RawFormat,
+}
+
+# Supported Formats.
+# Only single image files supported.
+file_formats = [
+    ("LYTRO-LFR", "Lytro Illum lfr image file", "lfr", "i"),
+    ("LYTRO-ILLUM-RAW", "Lytro Illum raw image file", "raw", "i"),
+    ("LYTRO-LFP", "Lytro F01 lfp image file", "lfp", "i"),
+    ("LYTRO-F01-RAW", "Lytro F01 raw image file", "raw", "i"),
+]
+
+
+def _create_predefined_lytro_formats():
+    for name, des, ext, i in file_formats:
+        # Get format class for format
+        format_class = SPECIAL_CLASSES.get(name.lower(), LytroFormat)
+        if format_class:
+            # Create Format and add
+            format = format_class(name, des, ext, i)
+            formats.add_format(format=format)
+
+
+# Register all created formats.
+_create_predefined_lytro_formats()

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/npz.py

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Storage of image data in npz format. Not a great format, but at least
+it supports volumetric data. And its less than 100 lines.
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format
+
+
+class NpzFormat(Format):
+    """ NPZ is a file format by numpy that provides storage of array
+    data using gzip compression. This imageio plugin supports data of any
+    shape, and also supports multiple images per file.
+
+    However, the npz format does not provide streaming; all data is
+    read/written at once. Further, there is no support for meta data.
+
+    Beware that the numpy npz format has a bug on a certain combination
+    of Python 2.7 and numpy, which can cause the resulting files to
+    become unreadable on Python 3. Also, this format is not available
+    on Pypy.
+
+    See the BSDF format for a similar (but more fully featured) format.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    None
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    None
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        # We support any kind of image data
+        return request.extension in self.extensions
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        # We support any kind of image data
+        return request.extension in self.extensions
+
+    # -- reader
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self):
+            # Load npz file, which provides another file like object
+            self._npz = np.load(self.request.get_file())
+            assert isinstance(self._npz, np.lib.npyio.NpzFile)
+            # Get list of names, ordered by name, but smarter
+            sorter = lambda x: x.split("_")[-1]
+            self._names = sorted(self._npz.files, key=sorter)
+
+        def _close(self):
+            self._npz.close()
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            return len(self._names)
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            # Get data
+            if index < 0 or index >= len(self._names):
+                raise IndexError("Index out of range while reading from nzp")
+            im = self._npz[self._names[index]]
+            # Return array and empty meta data
+            return im, {}
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            # Get the meta data for the given index
+            raise RuntimeError("The npz format does not support meta data.")
+
+    # -- writer
+
+    class Writer(Format.Writer):
+        def _open(self):
+            # Npz is not such a great format. We cannot stream to the file.
+            # So we remember all images and write them to file at the end.
+            self._images = []
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # Write everything
+            np.savez_compressed(self.request.get_file(), *self._images)
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            self._images.append(im)  # discart meta data
+
+        def set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            raise RuntimeError("The npz format does not support meta data.")
+
+
+# Register
+format = NpzFormat("npz", "Numpy's compressed array format", "npz", "iIvV")
+formats.add_format(format)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/pillow.py

@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Plugin that wraps the the Pillow library.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import threading
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format, image_as_uint
+
+# Get info about pillow formats without having to import PIL
+from .pillow_info import pillow_formats, pillow_docs
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# todo: Pillow ImageGrab module supports grabbing the screen on Win and OSX.
+
+
+GENERIC_DOCS = """
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    
+    pilmode : str
+        From the Pillow documentation:
+        
+        * 'L' (8-bit pixels, grayscale)
+        * 'P' (8-bit pixels, mapped to any other mode using a color palette)
+        * 'RGB' (3x8-bit pixels, true color)
+        * 'RGBA' (4x8-bit pixels, true color with transparency mask)
+        * 'CMYK' (4x8-bit pixels, color separation)
+        * 'YCbCr' (3x8-bit pixels, color video format)
+        * 'I' (32-bit signed integer pixels)
+        * 'F' (32-bit floating point pixels)
+        
+        PIL also provides limited support for a few special modes, including
+        'LA' ('L' with alpha), 'RGBX' (true color with padding) and 'RGBa'
+        (true color with premultiplied alpha).
+        
+        When translating a color image to grayscale (mode 'L', 'I' or 'F'),
+        the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
+        
+            L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
+    as_gray : bool
+        If True, the image is converted using mode 'F'. When `mode` is
+        not None and `as_gray` is True, the image is first converted
+        according to `mode`, and the result is then "flattened" using
+        mode 'F'.
+"""
+
+
+class PillowFormat(Format):
+    """
+    Base format class for Pillow formats.
+    """
+
+    _pillow_imported = False
+    _Image = None
+    _modes = "i"
+    _description = ""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(PillowFormat, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        # Used to synchronize _init_pillow(), see #244
+        self._lock = threading.RLock()
+
+    @property
+    def plugin_id(self):
+        """ The PIL plugin id.
+        """
+        return self._plugin_id  # Set when format is created
+
+    def _init_pillow(self):
+        with self._lock:
+            if not self._pillow_imported:
+                self._pillow_imported = True  # more like tried to import
+                import PIL
+
+                if not hasattr(PIL, "__version__"):  # pragma: no cover
+                    raise ImportError(
+                        "Imageio Pillow plugin requires " "Pillow, not PIL!"
+                    )
+                from PIL import Image
+
+                self._Image = Image
+            elif self._Image is None:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise RuntimeError("Imageio Pillow plugin requires " "Pillow lib.")
+            Image = self._Image
+
+        if self.plugin_id in ("PNG", "JPEG", "BMP", "GIF", "PPM"):
+            Image.preinit()
+        else:
+            Image.init()
+        return Image
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        Image = self._init_pillow()
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            if self.plugin_id in Image.OPEN:
+                factory, accept = Image.OPEN[self.plugin_id]
+                if accept:
+                    if request.firstbytes and accept(request.firstbytes):
+                        return True
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        Image = self._init_pillow()
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            if request.extension in self.extensions:
+                if self.plugin_id in Image.SAVE:
+                    return True
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self, pilmode=None, as_gray=False):
+            Image = self.format._init_pillow()
+            try:
+                factory, accept = Image.OPEN[self.format.plugin_id]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise RuntimeError("Format %s cannot read images." % self.format.name)
+            self._fp = self._get_file()
+            self._im = factory(self._fp, "")
+            if hasattr(Image, "_decompression_bomb_check"):
+                Image._decompression_bomb_check(self._im.size)
+            # Save the raw mode used by the palette for a BMP because it may not be the number of channels
+            # When the data is read, imageio hands the palette to PIL to handle and clears the rawmode argument
+            # However, there is a bug in PIL with handling animated GIFs with a different color palette on each frame.
+            # This issue is resolved by using the raw palette data but the rawmode information is now lost. So we
+            # store the raw mode for later use
+            if self._im.palette and self._im.palette.dirty:
+                self._im.palette.rawmode_saved = self._im.palette.rawmode
+            pil_try_read(self._im)
+            # Store args
+            self._kwargs = dict(
+                as_gray=as_gray, is_gray=_palette_is_grayscale(self._im)
+            )
+            # setting mode=None is not the same as just not providing it
+            if pilmode is not None:
+                self._kwargs["mode"] = pilmode
+            # Set length
+            self._length = 1
+            if hasattr(self._im, "n_frames"):
+                self._length = self._im.n_frames
+
+        def _get_file(self):
+            self._we_own_fp = False
+            return self.request.get_file()
+
+        def _close(self):
+            save_pillow_close(self._im)
+            if self._we_own_fp:
+                self._fp.close()
+            # else: request object handles closing the _fp
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            return self._length
+
+        def _seek(self, index):
+            try:
+                self._im.seek(index)
+            except EOFError:
+                raise IndexError("Could not seek to index %i" % index)
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            if index >= self._length:
+                raise IndexError("Image index %i > %i" % (index, self._length))
+            i = self._im.tell()
+            if i > index:
+                self._seek(index)  # just try
+            else:
+                while i < index:  # some formats need to be read in sequence
+                    i += 1
+                    self._seek(i)
+            if self._im.palette and self._im.palette.dirty:
+                self._im.palette.rawmode_saved = self._im.palette.rawmode
+            self._im.getdata()[0]
+            im = pil_get_frame(self._im, **self._kwargs)
+            return im, self._im.info
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            if not (index is None or index == 0):
+                raise IndexError()
+            return self._im.info
+
+    class Writer(Format.Writer):
+        def _open(self):
+            Image = self.format._init_pillow()
+            try:
+                self._save_func = Image.SAVE[self.format.plugin_id]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise RuntimeError("Format %s cannot write images." % self.format.name)
+            self._fp = self.request.get_file()
+            self._meta = {}
+            self._written = False
+
+        def _close(self):
+            pass  # request object handled closing _fp
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            if self._written:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Format %s only supports single images." % self.format.name
+                )
+            # Pop unit dimension for grayscale images
+            if im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] == 1:
+                im = im[:, :, 0]
+            self._written = True
+            self._meta.update(meta)
+            img = ndarray_to_pil(
+                im, self.format.plugin_id, self._meta.pop("prefer_uint8", True)
+            )
+            if "bits" in self._meta:
+                img = img.quantize()  # Make it a P image, so bits arg is used
+            img.save(self._fp, format=self.format.plugin_id, **self._meta)
+            save_pillow_close(img)
+
+        def set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            self._meta.update(meta)
+
+
+class PNGFormat(PillowFormat):
+    """A PNG format based on Pillow.
+    
+    This format supports grayscale, RGB and RGBA images.
+    
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    ignoregamma : bool
+        Avoid gamma correction. Default True.
+    pilmode : str
+        From the Pillow documentation:
+        
+        * 'L' (8-bit pixels, grayscale)
+        * 'P' (8-bit pixels, mapped to any other mode using a color palette)
+        * 'RGB' (3x8-bit pixels, true color)
+        * 'RGBA' (4x8-bit pixels, true color with transparency mask)
+        * 'CMYK' (4x8-bit pixels, color separation)
+        * 'YCbCr' (3x8-bit pixels, color video format)
+        * 'I' (32-bit signed integer pixels)
+        * 'F' (32-bit floating point pixels)
+        
+        PIL also provides limited support for a few special modes, including
+        'LA' ('L' with alpha), 'RGBX' (true color with padding) and 'RGBa'
+        (true color with premultiplied alpha).
+        
+        When translating a color image to grayscale (mode 'L', 'I' or 'F'),
+        the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
+        
+            L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
+    as_gray : bool
+        If True, the image is converted using mode 'F'. When `mode` is
+        not None and `as_gray` is True, the image is first converted
+        according to `mode`, and the result is then "flattened" using
+        mode 'F'.
+    
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    optimize : bool
+        If present and true, instructs the PNG writer to make the output file
+        as small as possible. This includes extra processing in order to find
+        optimal encoder settings.
+    transparency: 
+        This option controls what color image to mark as transparent.
+    dpi: tuple of two scalars
+        The desired dpi in each direction.
+    pnginfo: PIL.PngImagePlugin.PngInfo
+        Object containing text tags.
+    compress_level: int
+        ZLIB compression level, a number between 0 and 9: 1 gives best speed,
+        9 gives best compression, 0 gives no compression at all. Default is 9.
+        When ``optimize`` option is True ``compress_level`` has no effect
+        (it is set to 9 regardless of a value passed).
+    compression: int
+        Compatibility with the freeimage PNG format. If given, it overrides
+        compress_level.
+    icc_profile:
+        The ICC Profile to include in the saved file.
+    bits (experimental): int
+        This option controls how many bits to store. If omitted,
+        the PNG writer uses 8 bits (256 colors).
+    quantize: 
+        Compatibility with the freeimage PNG format. If given, it overrides
+        bits. In this case, given as a number between 1-256.
+    dictionary (experimental): dict
+        Set the ZLIB encoder dictionary.
+    prefer_uint8: bool
+        Let the PNG writer truncate uint16 image arrays to uint8 if their values fall
+        within the range [0, 255]. Defaults to true for legacy compatibility, however
+        it is recommended to set this to false to avoid unexpected behavior when
+        saving e.g. weakly saturated images.
+    """
+
+    class Reader(PillowFormat.Reader):
+        def _open(self, pilmode=None, as_gray=False, ignoregamma=True):
+            return PillowFormat.Reader._open(self, pilmode=pilmode, as_gray=as_gray)
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            im, info = PillowFormat.Reader._get_data(self, index)
+            if not self.request.kwargs.get("ignoregamma", True):
+                # The gamma value in the file represents the gamma factor for the
+                # hardware on the system where the file was created, and is meant
+                # to be able to match the colors with the system on which the
+                # image is shown. See also issue #366
+                try:
+                    gamma = float(info["gamma"])
+                except (KeyError, ValueError):
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    scale = float(65536 if im.dtype == np.uint16 else 255)
+                    gain = 1.0
+                    im[:] = ((im / scale) ** gamma) * scale * gain + 0.4999
+            return im, info
+
+    # --
+
+    class Writer(PillowFormat.Writer):
+        def _open(self, compression=None, quantize=None, interlaced=False, **kwargs):
+
+            # Better default for compression
+            kwargs["compress_level"] = kwargs.get("compress_level", 9)
+
+            if compression is not None:
+                if compression < 0 or compression > 9:
+                    raise ValueError("Invalid PNG compression level: %r" % compression)
+                kwargs["compress_level"] = compression
+            if quantize is not None:
+                for bits in range(1, 9):
+                    if 2 ** bits == quantize:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "PNG quantize must be power of two, " "not %r" % quantize
+                    )
+                kwargs["bits"] = bits
+            if interlaced:
+                logger.warning("PIL PNG writer cannot produce interlaced images.")
+
+            ok_keys = (
+                "optimize",
+                "transparency",
+                "dpi",
+                "pnginfo",
+                "bits",
+                "compress_level",
+                "icc_profile",
+                "dictionary",
+                "prefer_uint8",
+            )
+            for key in kwargs:
+                if key not in ok_keys:
+                    raise TypeError("Invalid arg for PNG writer: %r" % key)
+
+            PillowFormat.Writer._open(self)
+            self._meta.update(kwargs)
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            if str(im.dtype) == "uint16" and (im.ndim == 2 or im.shape[-1] == 1):
+                im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=16)
+            else:
+                im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=8)
+            PillowFormat.Writer._append_data(self, im, meta)
+
+
+class JPEGFormat(PillowFormat):
+    """A JPEG format based on Pillow.
+    
+    This format supports grayscale, RGB and RGBA images.
+    
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    exifrotate : bool
+        Automatically rotate the image according to exif flag. Default True.
+    pilmode : str
+        From the Pillow documentation:
+        
+        * 'L' (8-bit pixels, grayscale)
+        * 'P' (8-bit pixels, mapped to any other mode using a color palette)
+        * 'RGB' (3x8-bit pixels, true color)
+        * 'RGBA' (4x8-bit pixels, true color with transparency mask)
+        * 'CMYK' (4x8-bit pixels, color separation)
+        * 'YCbCr' (3x8-bit pixels, color video format)
+        * 'I' (32-bit signed integer pixels)
+        * 'F' (32-bit floating point pixels)
+        
+        PIL also provides limited support for a few special modes, including
+        'LA' ('L' with alpha), 'RGBX' (true color with padding) and 'RGBa'
+        (true color with premultiplied alpha).
+        
+        When translating a color image to grayscale (mode 'L', 'I' or 'F'),
+        the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
+        
+            L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
+    as_gray : bool
+        If True, the image is converted using mode 'F'. When `mode` is
+        not None and `as_gray` is True, the image is first converted
+        according to `mode`, and the result is then "flattened" using
+        mode 'F'.
+    
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    quality : scalar
+        The compression factor of the saved image (1..100), higher
+        numbers result in higher quality but larger file size. Default 75.
+    progressive : bool
+        Save as a progressive JPEG file (e.g. for images on the web).
+        Default False.
+    optimize : bool
+        On saving, compute optimal Huffman coding tables (can reduce a few
+        percent of file size). Default False.
+    dpi : tuple of int
+        The pixel density, ``(x,y)``.
+    icc_profile : object
+        If present and true, the image is stored with the provided ICC profile.
+        If this parameter is not provided, the image will be saved with no
+        profile attached.
+    exif : dict
+        If present, the image will be stored with the provided raw EXIF data.
+    subsampling : str
+        Sets the subsampling for the encoder. See Pillow docs for details.
+    qtables : object
+        Set the qtables for the encoder. See Pillow docs for details.
+    """
+
+    class Reader(PillowFormat.Reader):
+        def _open(self, pilmode=None, as_gray=False, exifrotate=True):
+            return PillowFormat.Reader._open(self, pilmode=pilmode, as_gray=as_gray)
+
+        def _get_file(self):
+            # Pillow uses seek for JPG, so we cannot directly stream from web
+            if self.request.filename.startswith(
+                ("http://", "https://")
+            ) or ".zip/" in self.request.filename.replace("\\", "/"):
+                self._we_own_fp = True
+                return open(self.request.get_local_filename(), "rb")
+            else:
+                self._we_own_fp = False
+                return self.request.get_file()
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            im, info = PillowFormat.Reader._get_data(self, index)
+
+            # Handle exif
+            if "exif" in info:
+                from PIL.ExifTags import TAGS
+
+                info["EXIF_MAIN"] = {}
+                for tag, value in self._im._getexif().items():
+                    decoded = TAGS.get(tag, tag)
+                    info["EXIF_MAIN"][decoded] = value
+
+            im = self._rotate(im, info)
+            return im, info
+
+        def _rotate(self, im, meta):
+            """ Use Orientation information from EXIF meta data to 
+            orient the image correctly. Similar code as in FreeImage plugin.
+            """
+            if self.request.kwargs.get("exifrotate", True):
+                try:
+                    ori = meta["EXIF_MAIN"]["Orientation"]
+                except KeyError:  # pragma: no cover
+                    pass  # Orientation not available
+                else:  # pragma: no cover - we cannot touch all cases
+                    # www.impulseadventure.com/photo/exif-orientation.html
+                    if ori in [1, 2]:
+                        pass
+                    if ori in [3, 4]:
+                        im = np.rot90(im, 2)
+                    if ori in [5, 6]:
+                        im = np.rot90(im, 3)
+                    if ori in [7, 8]:
+                        im = np.rot90(im)
+                    if ori in [2, 4, 5, 7]:  # Flipped cases (rare)
+                        im = np.fliplr(im)
+            return im
+
+    # --
+
+    class Writer(PillowFormat.Writer):
+        def _open(self, quality=75, progressive=False, optimize=False, **kwargs):
+
+            # Check quality - in Pillow it should be no higher than 95
+            quality = int(quality)
+            if quality < 1 or quality > 100:
+                raise ValueError("JPEG quality should be between 1 and 100.")
+            quality = min(95, max(1, quality))
+
+            kwargs["quality"] = quality
+            kwargs["progressive"] = bool(progressive)
+            kwargs["optimize"] = bool(progressive)
+
+            PillowFormat.Writer._open(self)
+            self._meta.update(kwargs)
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            if im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] == 4:
+                raise IOError("JPEG does not support alpha channel.")
+            im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=8)
+            PillowFormat.Writer._append_data(self, im, meta)
+            return
+
+
+class JPEG2000Format(PillowFormat):
+    """A JPEG 2000 format based on Pillow.
+    
+    This format supports grayscale and RGB images.
+    
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    pilmode : str
+        From the Pillow documentation:
+        
+        * 'L' (8-bit pixels, grayscale)
+        * 'P' (8-bit pixels, mapped to any other mode using a color palette)
+        * 'RGB' (3x8-bit pixels, true color)
+        * 'RGBA' (4x8-bit pixels, true color with transparency mask)
+        * 'CMYK' (4x8-bit pixels, color separation)
+        * 'YCbCr' (3x8-bit pixels, color video format)
+        * 'I' (32-bit signed integer pixels)
+        * 'F' (32-bit floating point pixels)
+        
+        PIL also provides limited support for a few special modes, including
+        'LA' ('L' with alpha), 'RGBX' (true color with padding) and 'RGBa'
+        (true color with premultiplied alpha).
+        
+        When translating a color image to grayscale (mode 'L', 'I' or 'F'),
+        the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
+        
+            L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
+    as_gray : bool
+        If True, the image is converted using mode 'F'. When `mode` is
+        not None and `as_gray` is True, the image is first converted
+        according to `mode`, and the result is then "flattened" using
+        mode 'F'.
+    
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------    
+    **quality_mode**
+        Either `"rates"` or `"dB"` depending on the units you want to use to
+        specify image quality.
+    
+    **quality**
+        Approximate size reduction (if quality mode is `rates`) or a signal to noise ratio
+        in decibels (if quality mode is `dB`).  
+    
+    .. note::
+    
+       To enable JPEG 2000 support, you need to build and install the OpenJPEG
+       library, version 2.0.0 or higher, before building the Python Imaging
+       Library.
+    
+       Windows users can install the OpenJPEG binaries available on the
+       OpenJPEG website, but must add them to their PATH in order to use PIL (if
+       you fail to do this, you will get errors about not being able to load the
+       ``_imaging`` DLL).
+
+    """
+
+    class Reader(PillowFormat.Reader):
+        def _open(self, pilmode=None, as_gray=False):
+            return PillowFormat.Reader._open(self, pilmode=pilmode, as_gray=as_gray)
+
+        def _get_file(self):
+            # Pillow uses seek for JPG, so we cannot directly stream from web
+            if self.request.filename.startswith(
+                ("http://", "https://")
+            ) or ".zip/" in self.request.filename.replace("\\", "/"):
+                self._we_own_fp = True
+                return open(self.request.get_local_filename(), "rb")
+            else:
+                self._we_own_fp = False
+                return self.request.get_file()
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            im, info = PillowFormat.Reader._get_data(self, index)
+
+            # Handle exif
+            if "exif" in info:
+                from PIL.ExifTags import TAGS
+
+                info["EXIF_MAIN"] = {}
+                for tag, value in self._im._getexif().items():
+                    decoded = TAGS.get(tag, tag)
+                    info["EXIF_MAIN"][decoded] = value
+
+            im = self._rotate(im, info)
+            return im, info
+
+        def _rotate(self, im, meta):
+            """ Use Orientation information from EXIF meta data to 
+            orient the image correctly. Similar code as in FreeImage plugin.
+            """
+            if self.request.kwargs.get("exifrotate", True):
+                try:
+                    ori = meta["EXIF_MAIN"]["Orientation"]
+                except KeyError:  # pragma: no cover
+                    pass  # Orientation not available
+                else:  # pragma: no cover - we cannot touch all cases
+                    # www.impulseadventure.com/photo/exif-orientation.html
+                    if ori in [1, 2]:
+                        pass
+                    if ori in [3, 4]:
+                        im = np.rot90(im, 2)
+                    if ori in [5, 6]:
+                        im = np.rot90(im, 3)
+                    if ori in [7, 8]:
+                        im = np.rot90(im)
+                    if ori in [2, 4, 5, 7]:  # Flipped cases (rare)
+                        im = np.fliplr(im)
+            return im
+
+    # --
+
+    class Writer(PillowFormat.Writer):
+        def _open(self, quality_mode="rates", quality=5, **kwargs):
+
+            # Check quality - in Pillow it should be no higher than 95
+            if quality_mode not in {"rates", "dB"}:
+                raise ValueError("Quality mode should be either 'rates' or 'dB'")
+
+            quality = float(quality)
+
+            if quality_mode == "rates" and (quality < 1 or quality > 1000):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "The quality value {} seems to be an invalid rate!".format(quality)
+                )
+            elif quality_mode == "dB" and (quality < 15 or quality > 100):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "The quality value {} seems to be an invalid PSNR!".format(quality)
+                )
+
+            kwargs["quality_mode"] = quality_mode
+            kwargs["quality_layers"] = [quality]
+
+            PillowFormat.Writer._open(self)
+            self._meta.update(kwargs)
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            if im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] == 4:
+                raise IOError(
+                    "The current implementation of JPEG 2000 does not support alpha channel."
+                )
+            im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=8)
+            PillowFormat.Writer._append_data(self, im, meta)
+            return
+
+
+def save_pillow_close(im):
+    # see issue #216 and #300
+    if hasattr(im, "close"):
+        if hasattr(getattr(im, "fp", None), "close"):
+            im.close()
+
+
+## Func from skimage
+
+# This cells contains code from scikit-image, in particular from
+# http://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image/blob/master/
+# skimage/io/_plugins/pil_plugin.py
+# The scikit-image license applies.
+
+
+def pil_try_read(im):
+    try:
+        # this will raise an IOError if the file is not readable
+        im.getdata()[0]
+    except IOError as e:
+        site = "http://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html"
+        site += "#external-libraries"
+        pillow_error_message = str(e)
+        error_message = (
+            'Could not load "%s" \n'
+            'Reason: "%s"\n'
+            "Please see documentation at: %s"
+            % (im.filename, pillow_error_message, site)
+        )
+        raise ValueError(error_message)
+
+
+def _palette_is_grayscale(pil_image):
+    if pil_image.mode != "P":
+        return False
+    elif pil_image.info.get("transparency", None):  # see issue #475
+        return False
+    # get palette as an array with R, G, B columns
+    palette = np.asarray(pil_image.getpalette()).reshape((256, 3))
+    # Not all palette colors are used; unused colors have junk values.
+    start, stop = pil_image.getextrema()
+    valid_palette = palette[start : stop + 1]
+    # Image is grayscale if channel differences (R - G and G - B)
+    # are all zero.
+    return np.allclose(np.diff(valid_palette), 0)
+
+
+def pil_get_frame(im, is_gray=None, as_gray=None, mode=None, dtype=None):
+    """ 
+    is_gray: Whether the image *is* gray (by inspecting its palette).
+    as_gray: Whether the resulting image must be converted to gaey.
+    mode: The mode to convert to.
+    """
+
+    if is_gray is None:
+        is_gray = _palette_is_grayscale(im)
+
+    frame = im
+
+    # Convert ...
+    if mode is not None:
+        # Mode is explicitly given ...
+        if mode != im.mode:
+            frame = im.convert(mode)
+    elif as_gray:
+        pass  # don't do any auto-conversions (but do the explit one above)
+    elif im.mode == "P" and is_gray:
+        # Paletted images that are already gray by their palette
+        # are converted so that the resulting numpy array is 2D.
+        frame = im.convert("L")
+    elif im.mode == "P":
+        # Paletted images are converted to RGB/RGBA. We jump some loops to make
+        # this work well.
+        if im.info.get("transparency", None) is not None:
+            # Let Pillow apply the transparency, see issue #210 and #246
+            frame = im.convert("RGBA")
+        elif im.palette.mode in ("RGB", "RGBA"):
+            # We can do this ourselves. Pillow seems to sometimes screw
+            # this up if a  multi-gif has a palette for each frame ...
+            # Create palette array
+            p = np.frombuffer(im.palette.getdata()[1], np.uint8)
+            # Restore the raw mode that was saved to be used to parse the palette
+            if hasattr(im.palette, "rawmode_saved"):
+                im.palette.rawmode = im.palette.rawmode_saved
+            mode = im.palette.rawmode if im.palette.rawmode else im.palette.mode
+            nchannels = len(mode)
+            # Shape it.
+            p.shape = -1, nchannels
+            if p.shape[1] == 3 or (p.shape[1] == 4 and mode[-1] == "X"):
+                p = np.column_stack((p[:, :3], 255 * np.ones(p.shape[0], p.dtype)))
+            # Swap the axes if the mode is in BGR and not RGB
+            if mode.startswith("BGR"):
+                p = p[:, [2, 1, 0]] if p.shape[1] == 3 else p[:, [2, 1, 0, 3]]
+            # Apply palette
+            frame_paletted = np.array(im, np.uint8)
+            try:
+                frame = p[frame_paletted]
+            except Exception:
+                # Ok, let PIL do it. The introduction of the branch that
+                # tests `im.info['transparency']` should make this happen
+                # much less often, but let's keep it, to be safe.
+                frame = im.convert("RGBA")
+        else:
+            # Let Pillow do it. Unlinke skimage, we always convert
+            # to RGBA; palettes can be RGBA.
+            if True:  # im.format == 'PNG' and 'transparency' in im.info:
+                frame = im.convert("RGBA")
+            else:
+                frame = im.convert("RGB")
+    elif "A" in im.mode:
+        frame = im.convert("RGBA")
+    elif im.mode == "CMYK":
+        frame = im.convert("RGB")
+
+    # Apply a post-convert if necessary
+    if as_gray:
+        frame = frame.convert("F")  # Scipy compat
+    elif not isinstance(frame, np.ndarray) and frame.mode == "1":
+        # Workaround for crash in PIL. When im is 1-bit, the call array(im)
+        # can cause a segfault, or generate garbage. See
+        # https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/2138 and
+        # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350.
+        #
+        # This converts im from a 1-bit image to an 8-bit image.
+        frame = frame.convert("L")
+
+    # Convert to numpy array
+    if im.mode.startswith("I;16"):
+        # e.g. in16 PNG's
+        shape = im.size
+        dtype = ">u2" if im.mode.endswith("B") else "<u2"
+        if "S" in im.mode:
+            dtype = dtype.replace("u", "i")
+        frame = np.frombuffer(frame.tobytes(), dtype).copy()
+        frame.shape = shape[::-1]
+    else:
+        # Use uint16 for PNG's in mode I
+        if im.format == "PNG" and im.mode == "I" and dtype is None:
+            dtype = "uint16"
+        frame = np.array(frame, dtype=dtype)
+
+    return frame
+
+
+def ndarray_to_pil(arr, format_str=None, prefer_uint8=True):
+
+    from PIL import Image
+
+    if arr.ndim == 3:
+        arr = image_as_uint(arr, bitdepth=8)
+        mode = {3: "RGB", 4: "RGBA"}[arr.shape[2]]
+
+    elif format_str in ["png", "PNG"]:
+        mode = "I;16"
+        mode_base = "I"
+
+        if arr.dtype.kind == "f":
+            arr = image_as_uint(arr)
+
+        elif prefer_uint8 and arr.max() < 256 and arr.min() >= 0:
+            arr = arr.astype(np.uint8)
+            mode = mode_base = "L"
+
+        else:
+            arr = image_as_uint(arr, bitdepth=16)
+
+    else:
+        arr = image_as_uint(arr, bitdepth=8)
+        mode = "L"
+        mode_base = "L"
+
+    if mode == "I;16" and int(getattr(Image, "__version__", "0").split(".")[0]) < 6:
+        # Pillow < v6.0.0 has limited support for the "I;16" mode,
+        # requiring us to fall back to this expensive workaround.
+        # tobytes actually creates a copy of the image, which is costly.
+        array_buffer = arr.tobytes()
+        if arr.ndim == 2:
+            im = Image.new(mode_base, arr.T.shape)
+            im.frombytes(array_buffer, "raw", mode)
+        else:
+            image_shape = (arr.shape[1], arr.shape[0])
+            im = Image.frombytes(mode, image_shape, array_buffer)
+        return im
+    else:
+        return Image.fromarray(arr, mode)
+
+
+## End of code from scikit-image
+
+
+from .pillowmulti import GIFFormat, TIFFFormat
+
+IGNORE_FORMATS = "MPEG"
+
+SPECIAL_FORMATS = dict(
+    PNG=PNGFormat,
+    JPEG=JPEGFormat,
+    GIF=GIFFormat,
+    TIFF=TIFFFormat,
+    JPEG2000=JPEG2000Format,
+)
+
+
+def register_pillow_formats():
+
+    for id, summary, ext in pillow_formats:
+        if id in IGNORE_FORMATS:
+            continue
+        FormatCls = SPECIAL_FORMATS.get(id, PillowFormat)
+        summary = FormatCls._description or summary
+        format = FormatCls(id + "-PIL", summary, ext, FormatCls._modes)
+        format._plugin_id = id
+        if FormatCls is PillowFormat or not FormatCls.__doc__:
+            format.__doc__ = pillow_docs[id] + GENERIC_DOCS
+        formats.add_format(format)
+
+
+register_pillow_formats()

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/pillowmulti.py

@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+"""
+PIL formats for multiple images.
+"""
+
+import logging
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from .pillow import PillowFormat, ndarray_to_pil, image_as_uint
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+NeuQuant = None  # we can implement this when we need it
+
+
+class TIFFFormat(PillowFormat):
+    _modes = "i"  # arg, why bother; people should use the tiffile version
+    _description = "TIFF format (Pillow)"
+
+
+class GIFFormat(PillowFormat):
+    """ A format for reading and writing static and animated GIF, based
+    on Pillow.
+
+    Images read with this format are always RGBA. Currently,
+    the alpha channel is ignored when saving RGB images with this
+    format.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    None
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    loop : int
+        The number of iterations. Default 0 (meaning loop indefinitely).
+    duration : {float, list}
+        The duration (in seconds) of each frame. Either specify one value
+        that is used for all frames, or one value for each frame.
+        Note that in the GIF format the duration/delay is expressed in
+        hundredths of a second, which limits the precision of the duration.
+    fps : float
+        The number of frames per second. If duration is not given, the
+        duration for each frame is set to 1/fps. Default 10.
+    palettesize : int
+        The number of colors to quantize the image to. Is rounded to
+        the nearest power of two. Default 256.
+    subrectangles : bool
+        If True, will try and optimize the GIF by storing only the
+        rectangular parts of each frame that change with respect to the
+        previous. Default False.
+    """
+
+    _modes = "iI"
+    _description = "Static and animated gif (Pillow)"
+
+    class Reader(PillowFormat.Reader):
+        def _open(self, playback=None):  # compat with FI format
+            return PillowFormat.Reader._open(self)
+
+    class Writer(PillowFormat.Writer):
+        def _open(
+            self,
+            loop=0,
+            duration=None,
+            fps=10,
+            palettesize=256,
+            quantizer=0,
+            subrectangles=False,
+        ):
+
+            # Check palettesize
+            palettesize = int(palettesize)
+            if palettesize < 2 or palettesize > 256:
+                raise ValueError("GIF quantize param must be 2..256")
+            if palettesize not in [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256]:
+                palettesize = 2 ** int(np.log2(128) + 0.999)
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Warning: palettesize (%r) modified to a factor of "
+                    "two between 2-256." % palettesize
+                )
+            #  Duratrion / fps
+            if duration is None:
+                self._duration = 1.0 / float(fps)
+            elif isinstance(duration, (list, tuple)):
+                self._duration = [float(d) for d in duration]
+            else:
+                self._duration = float(duration)
+            # loop
+            loop = float(loop)
+            if loop <= 0 or loop == float("inf"):
+                loop = 0
+            loop = int(loop)
+            # Subrectangles / dispose
+            subrectangles = bool(subrectangles)
+            self._dispose = 1 if subrectangles else 2
+            # The "0" (median cut) quantizer is by far the best
+
+            fp = self.request.get_file()
+            self._writer = GifWriter(
+                fp, subrectangles, loop, quantizer, int(palettesize)
+            )
+
+        def _close(self):
+            self._writer.close()
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=8)
+            if im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] == 1:
+                im = im[:, :, 0]
+            duration = self._duration
+            if isinstance(duration, list):
+                duration = duration[min(len(duration) - 1, self._writer._count)]
+            dispose = self._dispose
+            self._writer.add_image(im, duration, dispose)
+
+            return
+
+
+intToBin = lambda i: i.to_bytes(2, byteorder="little")
+
+
+class GifWriter:
+    """ Class that for helping write the animated GIF file. This is based on
+    code from images2gif.py (part of visvis). The version here is modified
+    to allow streamed writing.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        file,
+        opt_subrectangle=True,
+        opt_loop=0,
+        opt_quantizer=0,
+        opt_palette_size=256,
+    ):
+        self.fp = file
+
+        self.opt_subrectangle = opt_subrectangle
+        self.opt_loop = opt_loop
+        self.opt_quantizer = opt_quantizer
+        self.opt_palette_size = opt_palette_size
+
+        self._previous_image = None  # as np array
+        self._global_palette = None  # as bytes
+        self._count = 0
+
+        from PIL.GifImagePlugin import getdata
+
+        self.getdata = getdata
+
+    def add_image(self, im, duration, dispose):
+
+        # Prepare image
+        im_rect, rect = im, (0, 0)
+        if self.opt_subrectangle:
+            im_rect, rect = self.getSubRectangle(im)
+        im_pil = self.converToPIL(im_rect, self.opt_quantizer, self.opt_palette_size)
+
+        # Get pallette - apparently, this is the 3d element of the header
+        # (but it has not always been). Best we've got. Its not the same
+        # as im_pil.palette.tobytes().
+        from PIL.GifImagePlugin import getheader
+
+        palette = getheader(im_pil)[0][3]
+
+        # Write image
+        if self._count == 0:
+            self.write_header(im_pil, palette, self.opt_loop)
+            self._global_palette = palette
+        self.write_image(im_pil, palette, rect, duration, dispose)
+        # assert len(palette) == len(self._global_palette)
+
+        # Bookkeeping
+        self._previous_image = im
+        self._count += 1
+
+    def write_header(self, im, globalPalette, loop):
+        # Gather info
+        header = self.getheaderAnim(im)
+        appext = self.getAppExt(loop)
+        # Write
+        self.fp.write(header)
+        self.fp.write(globalPalette)
+        self.fp.write(appext)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.fp.write(";".encode("utf-8"))  # end gif
+
+    def write_image(self, im, palette, rect, duration, dispose):
+
+        fp = self.fp
+
+        # Gather local image header and data, using PIL's getdata. That
+        # function returns a list of bytes objects, but which parts are
+        # what has changed multiple times, so we put together the first
+        # parts until we have enough to form the image header.
+        data = self.getdata(im)
+        imdes = b""
+        while data and len(imdes) < 11:
+            imdes += data.pop(0)
+        assert len(imdes) == 11
+
+        # Make image descriptor suitable for using 256 local color palette
+        lid = self.getImageDescriptor(im, rect)
+        graphext = self.getGraphicsControlExt(duration, dispose)
+
+        # Write local header
+        if (palette != self._global_palette) or (dispose != 2):
+            # Use local color palette
+            fp.write(graphext)
+            fp.write(lid)  # write suitable image descriptor
+            fp.write(palette)  # write local color table
+            fp.write(b"\x08")  # LZW minimum size code
+        else:
+            # Use global color palette
+            fp.write(graphext)
+            fp.write(imdes)  # write suitable image descriptor
+
+        # Write image data
+        for d in data:
+            fp.write(d)
+
+    def getheaderAnim(self, im):
+        """ Get animation header. To replace PILs getheader()[0]
+        """
+        bb = b"GIF89a"
+        bb += intToBin(im.size[0])
+        bb += intToBin(im.size[1])
+        bb += b"\x87\x00\x00"
+        return bb
+
+    def getImageDescriptor(self, im, xy=None):
+        """ Used for the local color table properties per image.
+        Otherwise global color table applies to all frames irrespective of
+        whether additional colors comes in play that require a redefined
+        palette. Still a maximum of 256 color per frame, obviously.
+
+        Written by Ant1 on 2010-08-22
+        Modified by Alex Robinson in Janurari 2011 to implement subrectangles.
+        """
+
+        # Defaule use full image and place at upper left
+        if xy is None:
+            xy = (0, 0)
+
+        # Image separator,
+        bb = b"\x2C"
+
+        # Image position and size
+        bb += intToBin(xy[0])  # Left position
+        bb += intToBin(xy[1])  # Top position
+        bb += intToBin(im.size[0])  # image width
+        bb += intToBin(im.size[1])  # image height
+
+        # packed field: local color table flag1, interlace0, sorted table0,
+        # reserved00, lct size111=7=2^(7 + 1)=256.
+        bb += b"\x87"
+
+        # LZW minimum size code now comes later, begining of [imagedata] blocks
+        return bb
+
+    def getAppExt(self, loop):
+        """ Application extension. This part specifies the amount of loops.
+        If loop is 0 or inf, it goes on infinitely.
+        """
+        if loop == 1:
+            return b""
+        if loop == 0:
+            loop = 2 ** 16 - 1
+        bb = b""
+        if loop != 0:  # omit the extension if we would like a nonlooping gif
+            bb = b"\x21\xFF\x0B"  # application extension
+            bb += b"NETSCAPE2.0"
+            bb += b"\x03\x01"
+            bb += intToBin(loop)
+            bb += b"\x00"  # end
+        return bb
+
+    def getGraphicsControlExt(self, duration=0.1, dispose=2):
+        """ Graphics Control Extension. A sort of header at the start of
+        each image. Specifies duration and transparancy.
+
+        Dispose
+        -------
+          * 0 - No disposal specified.
+          * 1 - Do not dispose. The graphic is to be left in place.
+          * 2 -	Restore to background color. The area used by the graphic
+            must be restored to the background color.
+          * 3 -	Restore to previous. The decoder is required to restore the
+            area overwritten by the graphic with what was there prior to
+            rendering the graphic.
+          * 4-7 -To be defined.
+        """
+
+        bb = b"\x21\xF9\x04"
+        bb += chr((dispose & 3) << 2).encode("utf-8")
+        # low bit 1 == transparency,
+        # 2nd bit 1 == user input , next 3 bits, the low two of which are used,
+        # are dispose.
+        bb += intToBin(int(duration * 100 + 0.5))  # in 100th of seconds
+        bb += b"\x00"  # no transparant color
+        bb += b"\x00"  # end
+        return bb
+
+    def getSubRectangle(self, im):
+        """ Calculate the minimal rectangle that need updating. Returns
+        a two-element tuple containing the cropped image and an x-y tuple.
+
+        Calculating the subrectangles takes extra time, obviously. However,
+        if the image sizes were reduced, the actual writing of the GIF
+        goes faster. In some cases applying this method produces a GIF faster.
+        """
+
+        # Cannot do subrectangle for first image
+        if self._count == 0:
+            return im, (0, 0)
+
+        prev = self._previous_image
+
+        # Get difference, sum over colors
+        diff = np.abs(im - prev)
+        if diff.ndim == 3:
+            diff = diff.sum(2)
+        # Get begin and end for both dimensions
+        X = np.argwhere(diff.sum(0))
+        Y = np.argwhere(diff.sum(1))
+        # Get rect coordinates
+        if X.size and Y.size:
+            x0, x1 = int(X[0]), int(X[-1] + 1)
+            y0, y1 = int(Y[0]), int(Y[-1] + 1)
+        else:  # No change ... make it minimal
+            x0, x1 = 0, 2
+            y0, y1 = 0, 2
+
+        return im[y0:y1, x0:x1], (x0, y0)
+
+    def converToPIL(self, im, quantizer, palette_size=256):
+        """Convert image to Paletted PIL image.
+
+        PIL used to not do a very good job at quantization, but I guess
+        this has improved a lot (at least in Pillow). I don't think we need
+        neuqant (and we can add it later if we really want).
+        """
+
+        im_pil = ndarray_to_pil(im, "gif")
+
+        if quantizer in ("nq", "neuquant"):
+            # NeuQuant algorithm
+            nq_samplefac = 10  # 10 seems good in general
+            im_pil = im_pil.convert("RGBA")  # NQ assumes RGBA
+            nqInstance = NeuQuant(im_pil, nq_samplefac)  # Learn colors
+            im_pil = nqInstance.quantize(im_pil, colors=palette_size)
+        elif quantizer in (0, 1, 2):
+            # Adaptive PIL algorithm
+            if quantizer == 2:
+                im_pil = im_pil.convert("RGBA")
+            else:
+                im_pil = im_pil.convert("RGB")
+            im_pil = im_pil.quantize(colors=palette_size, method=quantizer)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid value for quantizer: %r" % quantizer)
+        return im_pil

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/simpleitk.py

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Storage of image data in multiple formats.
+"""
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format, has_module
+
+_itk = None  # Defer loading to load_lib() function.
+
+
+def load_lib():
+    global _itk, _read_function, _write_function
+    try:
+        import itk as _itk
+
+        _read_function = _itk.imread
+        _write_function = _itk.imwrite
+    except ImportError:
+        try:
+            import SimpleITK as _itk
+
+            _read_function = _itk.ReadImage
+            _write_function = _itk.WriteImage
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "itk could not be found. "
+                "Please try "
+                "  python -m pip install itk "
+                "or "
+                "  python -m pip install simpleitk "
+                "or refer to "
+                "  https://itkpythonpackage.readthedocs.io/ "
+                "for further instructions."
+            )
+    return _itk
+
+
+# Split up in real ITK and all supported formats.
+ITK_FORMATS = (
+    ".gipl",
+    ".ipl",
+    ".mha",
+    ".mhd",
+    ".nhdr",
+    "nia",
+    "hdr",
+    ".nrrd",
+    ".nii",
+    ".nii.gz",
+    ".img",
+    ".img.gz",
+    ".vtk",
+    "hdf5",
+    "lsm",
+    "mnc",
+    "mnc2",
+    "mgh",
+    "mnc",
+    "pic",
+)
+ALL_FORMATS = ITK_FORMATS + (
+    ".bmp",
+    ".jpeg",
+    ".jpg",
+    ".png",
+    ".tiff",
+    ".tif",
+    ".dicom",
+    ".dcm",
+    ".gdcm",
+)
+
+
+class ItkFormat(Format):
+    """ The ItkFormat uses the ITK or SimpleITK library to support a range of
+    ITK-related formats. It also supports a few common formats that are
+    also supported by the freeimage plugin (e.g. PNG and JPEG).
+
+    This format requires the ``itk`` or ``SimpleITK`` package.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    None.
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    None.
+
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        # If the request is a format that only this plugin can handle,
+        # we report that we can do it; a useful error will be raised
+        # when simpleitk is not installed. For the more common formats
+        # we only report that we can read if the library is installed.
+        if request.extension in ITK_FORMATS:
+            return True
+        if has_module("itk.ImageIOBase") or has_module("SimpleITK"):
+            return request.extension in ALL_FORMATS
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        if request.extension in ITK_FORMATS:
+            return True
+        if has_module("itk.ImageIOBase") or has_module("SimpleITK"):
+            return request.extension in ALL_FORMATS
+
+    # -- reader
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self, pixel_type=None, fallback_only=None, **kwargs):
+            if not _itk:
+                load_lib()
+            args = ()
+            if pixel_type is not None:
+                args += (pixel_type,)
+                if fallback_only is not None:
+                    args += (fallback_only,)
+            self._img = _read_function(self.request.get_local_filename(), *args)
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            return 1
+
+        def _close(self):
+            pass
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            # Get data
+            if index != 0:
+                error_msg = "Index out of range while reading from itk file"
+                raise IndexError(error_msg)
+
+            # Return array and empty meta data
+            return _itk.GetArrayFromImage(self._img), {}
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            error_msg = "The itk plugin does not support meta data, currently."
+            raise RuntimeError(error_msg)
+
+    # -- writer
+    class Writer(Format.Writer):
+        def _open(self):
+            if not _itk:
+                load_lib()
+
+        def _close(self):
+            pass
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            _itk_img = _itk.GetImageFromArray(im)
+            _write_function(_itk_img, self.request.get_local_filename())
+
+        def set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            error_msg = "The itk plugin does not support meta data, currently."
+            raise RuntimeError(error_msg)
+
+
+# Register
+title = "Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK) format"
+format = ItkFormat("itk", title, " ".join(ALL_FORMATS), "iIvV")
+formats.add_format(format)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/spe.py

@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" SPE file reader
+"""
+
+import os
+import logging
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Spec:
+    """SPE file specification data
+
+    Tuples of (offset, datatype, count), where offset is the offset in the SPE
+    file and datatype is the datatype as used in `numpy.fromfile`()
+
+    `data_start` is the offset of actual image data.
+
+    `dtypes` translates SPE datatypes (0...4) to numpy ones, e. g. dtypes[0]
+    is dtype("<f") (which is np.float32).
+
+    `controllers` maps the `type` metadata to a human readable name
+
+    `readout_modes` maps the `readoutMode` metadata to something human readable
+    although this may not be accurate since there is next to no documentation
+    to be found.
+    """
+
+    basic = {
+        "datatype": (108, "<h"),  # dtypes
+        "xdim": (42, "<H"),
+        "ydim": (656, "<H"),
+        "xml_footer_offset": (678, "<Q"),
+        "NumFrames": (1446, "<i"),
+        "file_header_ver": (1992, "<f"),
+    }
+
+    metadata = {
+        # ROI information
+        "NumROI": (1510, "<h"),
+        "ROIs": (
+            1512,
+            np.dtype(
+                [
+                    ("startx", "<H"),
+                    ("endx", "<H"),
+                    ("groupx", "<H"),
+                    ("starty", "<H"),
+                    ("endy", "<H"),
+                    ("groupy", "<H"),
+                ]
+            ),
+            10,
+        ),
+        # chip-related sizes
+        "xDimDet": (6, "<H"),
+        "yDimDet": (18, "<H"),
+        "VChipXdim": (14, "<h"),
+        "VChipYdim": (16, "<h"),
+        # other stuff
+        "controller_version": (0, "<h"),
+        "logic_output": (2, "<h"),
+        "amp_high_cap_low_noise": (4, "<H"),  # enum?
+        "mode": (8, "<h"),  # enum?
+        "exposure_sec": (10, "<f"),
+        "date": (20, "<10S"),
+        "detector_temp": (36, "<f"),
+        "detector_type": (40, "<h"),
+        "st_diode": (44, "<h"),
+        "delay_time": (46, "<f"),
+        # shutter_control: normal, disabled open, disabled closed
+        # But which one is which?
+        "shutter_control": (50, "<H"),
+        "absorb_live": (52, "<h"),
+        "absorb_mode": (54, "<H"),
+        "can_do_virtual_chip": (56, "<h"),
+        "threshold_min_live": (58, "<h"),
+        "threshold_min_val": (60, "<f"),
+        "threshold_max_live": (64, "<h"),
+        "threshold_max_val": (66, "<f"),
+        "time_local": (172, "<7S"),
+        "time_utc": (179, "<7S"),
+        "adc_offset": (188, "<H"),
+        "adc_rate": (190, "<H"),
+        "adc_type": (192, "<H"),
+        "adc_resolution": (194, "<H"),
+        "adc_bit_adjust": (196, "<H"),
+        "gain": (198, "<H"),
+        "comments": (200, "<80S", 5),
+        "geometric": (600, "<H"),  # flags
+        "sw_version": (688, "<16S"),
+        "spare_4": (742, "<436S"),
+        "XPrePixels": (98, "<h"),
+        "XPostPixels": (100, "<h"),
+        "YPrePixels": (102, "<h"),
+        "YPostPixels": (104, "<h"),
+        "readout_time": (672, "<f"),
+        "xml_footer_offset": (678, "<Q"),
+        "type": (704, "<h"),  # controllers
+        "clockspeed_us": (1428, "<f"),
+        "readout_mode": (1480, "<H"),  # readout_modes
+        "window_size": (1482, "<H"),
+        "file_header_ver": (1992, "<f"),
+    }
+
+    data_start = 4100
+
+    dtypes = {
+        0: np.dtype(np.float32),
+        1: np.dtype(np.int32),
+        2: np.dtype(np.int16),
+        3: np.dtype(np.uint16),
+        8: np.dtype(np.uint32),
+    }
+
+    controllers = [
+        "new120 (Type II)",
+        "old120 (Type I)",
+        "ST130",
+        "ST121",
+        "ST138",
+        "DC131 (PentaMax)",
+        "ST133 (MicroMax/Roper)",
+        "ST135 (GPIB)",
+        "VTCCD",
+        "ST116 (GPIB)",
+        "OMA3 (GPIB)",
+        "OMA4",
+    ]
+
+    # This was gathered from random places on the internet and own experiments
+    # with the camera. May not be accurate.
+    readout_modes = ["full frame", "frame transfer", "kinetics"]
+
+    # Do not decode the following metadata keys into strings, but leave them
+    # as byte arrays
+    no_decode = ["spare_4"]
+
+
+class SpeFormat(Format):
+    """ Some CCD camera software produces images in the Princeton Instruments
+    SPE file format. This plugin supports reading such files.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    char_encoding : str
+        Character encoding used to decode strings in the metadata. Defaults
+        to "latin1".
+    check_filesize : bool
+        The number of frames in the file is stored in the file header. However,
+        this number may be wrong for certain software. If this is `True`
+        (default), derive the number of frames also from the file size and
+        raise a warning if the two values do not match.
+
+    Metadata for reading
+    --------------------
+    ROIs : list of dict
+        Regions of interest used for recording images. Each dict has the
+        "top_left" key containing x and y coordinates of the top left corner,
+        the "bottom_right" key with x and y coordinates of the bottom right
+        corner, and the "bin" key with number of binned pixels in x and y
+        directions.
+    comments : list of str
+        The SPE format allows for 5 comment strings of 80 characters each.
+    controller_version : int
+        Hardware version
+    logic_output : int
+        Definition of output BNC
+    amp_hi_cap_low_noise : int
+        Amp switching mode
+    mode : int
+        Timing mode
+    exp_sec : float
+        Alternative exposure in seconds
+    date : str
+        Date string
+    detector_temp : float
+        Detector temperature
+    detector_type : int
+        CCD / diode array type
+    st_diode : int
+        Trigger diode
+    delay_time : float
+        Used with async mode
+    shutter_control : int
+        Normal, disabled open, or disabled closed
+    absorb_live : bool
+        on / off
+    absorb_mode : int
+        Reference strip or file
+    can_do_virtual_chip : bool
+        True or False whether chip can do virtual chip
+    threshold_min_live : bool
+        on / off
+    threshold_min_val : float
+        Threshold minimum value
+    threshold_max_live : bool
+        on / off
+    threshold_max_val : float
+        Threshold maximum value
+    time_local : str
+        Experiment local time
+    time_utc : str
+        Experiment UTC time
+    adc_offset : int
+        ADC offset
+    adc_rate : int
+        ADC rate
+    adc_type : int
+        ADC type
+    adc_resolution : int
+        ADC resolution
+    adc_bit_adjust : int
+        ADC bit adjust
+    gain : int
+        gain
+    sw_version : str
+        Version of software which created this file
+    spare_4 : bytes
+        Reserved space
+    readout_time : float
+        Experiment readout time
+    type : str
+        Controller type
+    clockspeed_us : float
+        Vertical clock speed in microseconds
+    readout_mode : {"full frame", "frame transfer", "kinetics", ""}
+        Readout mode. Empty string means that this was not set by the
+        Software.
+    window_size : int
+        Window size for Kinetics mode
+    file_header_ver : float
+        File header version
+    chip_size : [int, int]
+        x and y dimensions of the camera chip
+    virt_chip_size : [int, int]
+        Virtual chip x and y dimensions
+    pre_pixels : [int, int]
+        Pre pixels in x and y dimensions
+    post_pixels : [int, int],
+        Post pixels in x and y dimensions
+    geometric : list of {"rotate", "reverse", "flip"}
+        Geometric operations
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        return (
+            request.mode[1] in self.modes + "?" and request.extension in self.extensions
+        )
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        return False
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self, char_encoding="latin1", check_filesize=True):
+            self._file = self.request.get_file()
+            self._char_encoding = char_encoding
+
+            info = self._parse_header(Spec.basic)
+            self._file_header_ver = info["file_header_ver"]
+            self._dtype = Spec.dtypes[info["datatype"]]
+            self._shape = (info["ydim"], info["xdim"])
+            self._len = info["NumFrames"]
+
+            if check_filesize:
+                # Some software writes incorrect `NumFrames` metadata.
+                # To determine the number of frames, check the size of the data
+                # segment -- until the end of the file for SPE<3, until the
+                # xml footer for SPE>=3.
+                data_end = (
+                    info["xml_footer_offset"]
+                    if info["file_header_ver"] >= 3
+                    else os.path.getsize(self.request.get_local_filename())
+                )
+                l = data_end - Spec.data_start
+                l //= self._shape[0] * self._shape[1] * self._dtype.itemsize
+                if l != self._len:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "The file header of %s claims there are %s frames, "
+                        "but there are actually %s frames.",
+                        self.request.filename,
+                        self._len,
+                        l,
+                    )
+                    self._len = min(l, self._len)
+
+            self._meta = None
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            if self._meta is None:
+                if self._file_header_ver < 3:
+                    self._init_meta_data_pre_v3()
+                else:
+                    self._init_meta_data_post_v3()
+            return self._meta
+
+        def _close(self):
+            # The file should be closed by `self.request`
+            pass
+
+        def _init_meta_data_pre_v3(self):
+            self._meta = self._parse_header(Spec.metadata)
+
+            nr = self._meta.pop("NumROI", None)
+            nr = 1 if nr < 1 else nr
+            self._meta["ROIs"] = roi_array_to_dict(self._meta["ROIs"][:nr])
+
+            # chip sizes
+            self._meta["chip_size"] = [
+                self._meta.pop("xDimDet", None),
+                self._meta.pop("yDimDet", None),
+            ]
+            self._meta["virt_chip_size"] = [
+                self._meta.pop("VChipXdim", None),
+                self._meta.pop("VChipYdim", None),
+            ]
+            self._meta["pre_pixels"] = [
+                self._meta.pop("XPrePixels", None),
+                self._meta.pop("YPrePixels", None),
+            ]
+            self._meta["post_pixels"] = [
+                self._meta.pop("XPostPixels", None),
+                self._meta.pop("YPostPixels", None),
+            ]
+
+            # comments
+            self._meta["comments"] = [str(c) for c in self._meta["comments"]]
+
+            # geometric operations
+            g = []
+            f = self._meta.pop("geometric", 0)
+            if f & 1:
+                g.append("rotate")
+            if f & 2:
+                g.append("reverse")
+            if f & 4:
+                g.append("flip")
+            self._meta["geometric"] = g
+
+            # Make some additional information more human-readable
+            t = self._meta["type"]
+            if 1 <= t <= len(Spec.controllers):
+                self._meta["type"] = Spec.controllers[t - 1]
+            else:
+                self._meta["type"] = ""
+            m = self._meta["readout_mode"]
+            if 1 <= m <= len(Spec.readout_modes):
+                self._meta["readout_mode"] = Spec.readout_modes[m - 1]
+            else:
+                self._meta["readout_mode"] = ""
+
+            # bools
+            for k in (
+                "absorb_live",
+                "can_do_virtual_chip",
+                "threshold_min_live",
+                "threshold_max_live",
+            ):
+                self._meta[k] = bool(self._meta[k])
+
+            # frame shape
+            self._meta["frame_shape"] = self._shape
+
+        def _parse_header(self, spec):
+            ret = {}
+            # Decode each string from the numpy array read by np.fromfile
+            decode = np.vectorize(lambda x: x.decode(self._char_encoding))
+
+            for name, sp in spec.items():
+                self._file.seek(sp[0])
+                cnt = 1 if len(sp) < 3 else sp[2]
+                v = np.fromfile(self._file, dtype=sp[1], count=cnt)
+                if v.dtype.kind == "S" and name not in Spec.no_decode:
+                    # Silently ignore string decoding failures
+                    try:
+                        v = decode(v)
+                    except Exception:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            'Failed to decode "{}" metadata '
+                            "string. Check `char_encoding` "
+                            "parameter.".format(name)
+                        )
+
+                try:
+                    # For convenience, if the array contains only one single
+                    # entry, return this entry itself.
+                    v = v.item()
+                except ValueError:
+                    v = np.squeeze(v)
+                ret[name] = v
+            return ret
+
+        def _init_meta_data_post_v3(self):
+            info = self._parse_header(Spec.basic)
+            self._file.seek(info["xml_footer_offset"])
+            xml = self._file.read()
+            self._meta = {"__xml": xml}
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            if self.request.mode[1] in "vV":
+                return 1
+            else:
+                return self._len
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            if index < 0:
+                raise IndexError("Image index %i < 0" % index)
+            if index >= self._len:
+                raise IndexError("Image index %i > %i" % (index, self._len))
+
+            if self.request.mode[1] in "vV":
+                if index != 0:
+                    raise IndexError("Index has to be 0 in v and V modes")
+                self._file.seek(Spec.data_start)
+                data = np.fromfile(
+                    self._file,
+                    dtype=self._dtype,
+                    count=self._shape[0] * self._shape[1] * self._len,
+                )
+                data = data.reshape((self._len,) + self._shape)
+            else:
+                self._file.seek(
+                    Spec.data_start
+                    + index * self._shape[0] * self._shape[1] * self._dtype.itemsize
+                )
+                data = np.fromfile(
+                    self._file, dtype=self._dtype, count=self._shape[0] * self._shape[1]
+                )
+                data = data.reshape(self._shape)
+            return data, self._get_meta_data(index)
+
+
+def roi_array_to_dict(a):
+    """Convert the `ROIs` structured arrays to :py:class:`dict`
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : numpy.ndarray
+        Structured array containing ROI data
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    list of dict
+        One dict per ROI. Keys are "top_left", "bottom_right", and "bin",
+        values are tuples whose first element is the x axis value and the
+        second element is the y axis value.
+    """
+    l = []
+    a = a[["startx", "starty", "endx", "endy", "groupx", "groupy"]]
+    for sx, sy, ex, ey, gx, gy in a:
+        d = {
+            "top_left": [int(sx), int(sy)],
+            "bottom_right": [int(ex), int(ey)],
+            "bin": [int(gx), int(gy)],
+        }
+        l.append(d)
+    return l
+
+
+fmt = SpeFormat("spe", "SPE file format", ".spe", "iIvV")
+formats.add_format(fmt, overwrite=True)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/swf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" SWF plugin. Most of the actual work is done in _swf.py.
+"""
+
+import os
+import zlib
+import logging
+from io import BytesIO
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format, read_n_bytes, image_as_uint
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_swf = None  # lazily loaded in lib()
+
+
+def load_lib():
+    global _swf
+    from . import _swf
+
+    return _swf
+
+
+class SWFFormat(Format):
+    """ Shockwave flash (SWF) is a media format designed for rich and
+    interactive animations. This plugin makes use of this format to
+    store a series of images in a lossless format with good compression
+    (zlib). The resulting images can be shown as an animation using
+    a flash player (such as the browser).
+
+    SWF stores images in RGBA format. RGB or grayscale images are
+    automatically converted. SWF does not support meta data.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    loop : bool
+        If True, the video will rewind as soon as a frame is requested
+        beyond the last frame. Otherwise, IndexError is raised. Default False.
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    fps : int
+        The speed to play the animation. Default 12.
+    loop : bool
+        If True, add a tag to the end of the file to play again from
+        the first frame. Most flash players will then play the movie
+        in a loop. Note that the imageio SWF Reader does not check this
+        tag. Default True.
+    html : bool
+        If the output is a file on the file system, write an html file
+        (in HTML5) that shows the animation. Default False.
+    compress : bool
+        Whether to compress the swf file. Default False. You probably don't
+        want to use this. This does not decrease the file size since
+        the images are already compressed. It will result in slower
+        read and write time. The only purpose of this feature is to
+        create compressed SWF files, so that we can test the
+        functionality to read them.
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            tmp = request.firstbytes[0:3].decode("ascii", "ignore")
+            if tmp in ("FWS", "CWS"):
+                return True
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        if request.mode[1] in (self.modes + "?"):
+            if request.extension in self.extensions:
+                return True
+
+    # -- reader
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self, loop=False):
+            if not _swf:
+                load_lib()
+
+            self._arg_loop = bool(loop)
+
+            self._fp = self.request.get_file()
+
+            # Check file ...
+            tmp = self.request.firstbytes[0:3].decode("ascii", "ignore")
+            if tmp == "FWS":
+                pass  # OK
+            elif tmp == "CWS":
+                # Compressed, we need to decompress
+                bb = self._fp.read()
+                bb = bb[:8] + zlib.decompress(bb[8:])
+                # Wrap up in a file object
+                self._fp = BytesIO(bb)
+            else:
+                raise IOError("This does not look like a valid SWF file")
+
+            # Skip first bytes. This also tests support got seeking ...
+            try:
+                self._fp.seek(8)
+                self._streaming_mode = False
+            except Exception:
+                self._streaming_mode = True
+                self._fp_read(8)
+
+            # Skip header
+            # Note that the number of frames is there, which we could
+            # potentially use, but the number of frames does not necessarily
+            # correspond to the number of images.
+            nbits = _swf.bits2int(self._fp_read(1), 5)
+            nbits = 5 + nbits * 4
+            Lrect = nbits / 8.0
+            if Lrect % 1:
+                Lrect += 1
+            Lrect = int(Lrect)
+            self._fp_read(Lrect + 3)
+
+            # Now the rest is basically tags ...
+            self._imlocs = []  # tuple (loc, sze, T, L1)
+            if not self._streaming_mode:
+                # Collect locations of frame, while skipping through the data
+                # This does not read any of the tag *data*.
+                try:
+                    while True:
+                        isimage, sze, T, L1 = self._read_one_tag()
+                        loc = self._fp.tell()
+                        if isimage:
+                            # Still need to check if the format is right
+                            format = ord(self._fp_read(3)[2:])
+                            if format == 5:  # RGB or RGBA lossless
+                                self._imlocs.append((loc, sze, T, L1))
+                        self._fp.seek(loc + sze)  # Skip over tag
+                except IndexError:
+                    pass  # done reading
+
+        def _fp_read(self, n):
+            return read_n_bytes(self._fp, n)
+
+        def _close(self):
+            pass
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            if self._streaming_mode:
+                return np.inf
+            else:
+                return len(self._imlocs)
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            # Check index
+            if index < 0:
+                raise IndexError("Index in swf file must be > 0")
+            if not self._streaming_mode:
+                if self._arg_loop and self._imlocs:
+                    index = index % len(self._imlocs)
+                if index >= len(self._imlocs):
+                    raise IndexError("Index out of bounds")
+
+            if self._streaming_mode:
+                # Walk over tags until we find an image
+                while True:
+                    isimage, sze, T, L1 = self._read_one_tag()
+                    bb = self._fp_read(sze)  # always read data
+                    if isimage:
+                        im = _swf.read_pixels(bb, 0, T, L1)  # can be None
+                        if im is not None:
+                            return im, {}
+
+            else:
+                # Go to corresponding location, read data, and convert to image
+                loc, sze, T, L1 = self._imlocs[index]
+                self._fp.seek(loc)
+                bb = self._fp_read(sze)
+                # Read_pixels should return ndarry, since we checked format
+                im = _swf.read_pixels(bb, 0, T, L1)
+                return im, {}
+
+        def _read_one_tag(self):
+            """
+            Return (True, loc, size, T, L1) if an image that we can read.
+            Return (False, loc, size, T, L1) if any other tag.
+            """
+
+            # Get head
+            head = self._fp_read(6)
+            if not head:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise IndexError("Reached end of swf movie")
+
+            # Determine type and length
+            T, L1, L2 = _swf.get_type_and_len(head)
+            if not L2:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise RuntimeError("Invalid tag length, could not proceed")
+
+            # Read data
+            isimage = False
+            sze = L2 - 6
+            # bb = self._fp_read(L2 - 6)
+
+            # Parse tag
+            if T == 0:
+                raise IndexError("Reached end of swf movie")
+            elif T in [20, 36]:
+                isimage = True
+                # im = _swf.read_pixels(bb, 0, T, L1)  # can be None
+            elif T in [6, 21, 35, 90]:  # pragma: no cover
+                logger.warning("Ignoring JPEG image: cannot read JPEG.")
+            else:
+                pass  # Not an image tag
+
+            # Done.  Return image. Can be None
+            # return im
+            return isimage, sze, T, L1
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            return {}  # This format does not support meta data
+
+    # -- writer
+
+    class Writer(Format.Writer):
+        def _open(self, fps=12, loop=True, html=False, compress=False):
+            if not _swf:
+                load_lib()
+
+            self._arg_fps = int(fps)
+            self._arg_loop = bool(loop)
+            self._arg_html = bool(html)
+            self._arg_compress = bool(compress)
+
+            self._fp = self.request.get_file()
+            self._framecounter = 0
+            self._framesize = (100, 100)
+
+            # For compress, we use an in-memory file object
+            if self._arg_compress:
+                self._fp_real = self._fp
+                self._fp = BytesIO()
+
+        def _close(self):
+            self._complete()
+            # Get size of (uncompressed) file
+            sze = self._fp.tell()
+            # set nframes, this is in the potentially compressed region
+            self._fp.seek(self._location_to_save_nframes)
+            self._fp.write(_swf.int2uint16(self._framecounter))
+            # Compress body?
+            if self._arg_compress:
+                bb = self._fp.getvalue()
+                self._fp = self._fp_real
+                self._fp.write(bb[:8])
+                self._fp.write(zlib.compress(bb[8:]))
+                sze = self._fp.tell()  # renew sze value
+            # set size
+            self._fp.seek(4)
+            self._fp.write(_swf.int2uint32(sze))
+            self._fp = None  # Disable
+
+            # Write html?
+            if self._arg_html and os.path.isfile(self.request.filename):
+                dirname, fname = os.path.split(self.request.filename)
+                filename = os.path.join(dirname, fname[:-4] + ".html")
+                w, h = self._framesize
+                html = HTML % (fname, w, h, fname)
+                with open(filename, "wb") as f:
+                    f.write(html.encode("utf-8"))
+
+        def _write_header(self, framesize, fps):
+            self._framesize = framesize
+            # Called as soon as we know framesize; when we get first frame
+            bb = b""
+            bb += "FC"[self._arg_compress].encode("ascii")
+            bb += "WS".encode("ascii")  # signature bytes
+            bb += _swf.int2uint8(8)  # version
+            bb += "0000".encode("ascii")  # FileLength (leave open for now)
+            bb += (
+                _swf.Tag().make_rect_record(0, framesize[0], 0, framesize[1]).tobytes()
+            )
+            bb += _swf.int2uint8(0) + _swf.int2uint8(fps)  # FrameRate
+            self._location_to_save_nframes = len(bb)
+            bb += "00".encode("ascii")  # nframes (leave open for now)
+            self._fp.write(bb)
+
+            # Write some initial tags
+            taglist = _swf.FileAttributesTag(), _swf.SetBackgroundTag(0, 0, 0)
+            for tag in taglist:
+                self._fp.write(tag.get_tag())
+
+        def _complete(self):
+            # What if no images were saved?
+            if not self._framecounter:
+                self._write_header((10, 10), self._arg_fps)
+            # Write stop tag if we do not loop
+            if not self._arg_loop:
+                self._fp.write(_swf.DoActionTag("stop").get_tag())
+            # finish with end tag
+            self._fp.write("\x00\x00".encode("ascii"))
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            # Correct shape and type
+            if im.ndim == 3 and im.shape[-1] == 1:
+                im = im[:, :, 0]
+            im = image_as_uint(im, bitdepth=8)
+            # Get frame size
+            wh = im.shape[1], im.shape[0]
+            # Write header on first frame
+            isfirstframe = False
+            if self._framecounter == 0:
+                isfirstframe = True
+                self._write_header(wh, self._arg_fps)
+            # Create tags
+            bm = _swf.BitmapTag(im)
+            sh = _swf.ShapeTag(bm.id, (0, 0), wh)
+            po = _swf.PlaceObjectTag(1, sh.id, move=(not isfirstframe))
+            sf = _swf.ShowFrameTag()
+            # Write tags
+            for tag in [bm, sh, po, sf]:
+                self._fp.write(tag.get_tag())
+            self._framecounter += 1
+
+        def set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            pass
+
+
+HTML = """
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>Show Flash animation %s</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <embed width="%i" height="%i" src="%s">
+</html>
+"""
+
+# Register. You register an *instance* of a Format class. Here specify:
+format = SWFFormat(
+    "swf",  # shot name
+    "Shockwave flash",  # one line descr.
+    ".swf",  # list of extensions as a space separated string
+    "I",  # modes, characters in iIvV
+)
+formats.add_format(format)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/plugins/tifffile.py

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imageio is distributed under the terms of the (new) BSD License.
+
+""" Storage of image data in tiff format.
+"""
+
+import datetime
+
+from .. import formats
+from ..core import Format
+
+import numpy as np
+
+_tifffile = None  # Defer loading to lib() function.
+
+
+def load_lib():
+    global _tifffile
+    try:
+        import tifffile as _tifffile
+    except ImportError:
+        from . import _tifffile
+    return _tifffile
+
+
+TIFF_FORMATS = (".tif", ".tiff", ".stk", ".lsm")
+WRITE_METADATA_KEYS = (
+    "photometric",
+    "planarconfig",
+    "resolution",
+    "description",
+    "compress",
+    "predictor",
+    "volume",
+    "writeshape",
+    "extratags",
+    "datetime",
+)
+READ_METADATA_KEYS = (
+    "planar_configuration",
+    "is_fluoview",
+    "is_nih",
+    "is_contig",
+    "is_micromanager",
+    "is_ome",
+    "is_lsm" "is_palette",
+    "is_reduced",
+    "is_rgb",
+    "is_sgi",
+    "is_shaped",
+    "is_stk",
+    "is_tiled",
+    "is_mdgel" "resolution_unit",
+    "compression",
+    "predictor",
+    "is_mediacy",
+    "orientation",
+    "description",
+    "description1",
+    "is_imagej",
+    "software",
+)
+
+
+class TiffFormat(Format):
+    """ Provides support for a wide range of Tiff images.
+
+    Images that contain multiple pages can be read using ``imageio.mimread()``
+    to read the individual pages, or ``imageio.volread()`` to obtain a
+    single (higher dimensional) array.
+
+    Parameters for reading
+    ----------------------
+    offset : int
+        Optional start position of embedded file. By default this is
+        the current file position.
+    size : int
+        Optional size of embedded file. By default this is the number
+        of bytes from the 'offset' to the end of the file.
+    multifile : bool
+        If True (default), series may include pages from multiple files.
+        Currently applies to OME-TIFF only.
+    multifile_close : bool
+        If True (default), keep the handles of other files in multifile
+        series closed. This is inefficient when few files refer to
+        many pages. If False, the C runtime may run out of resources.
+
+    Parameters for saving
+    ---------------------
+    bigtiff : bool
+        If True, the BigTIFF format is used.
+    byteorder : {'<', '>'}
+        The endianness of the data in the file.
+        By default this is the system's native byte order.
+    software : str
+        Name of the software used to create the image.
+        Saved with the first page only.
+
+    Metadata for reading
+    --------------------
+    planar_configuration : {'contig', 'planar'}
+        Specifies if samples are stored contiguous or in separate planes.
+        By default this setting is inferred from the data shape.
+        'contig': last dimension contains samples.
+        'planar': third last dimension contains samples.
+    resolution_unit : (float, float) or ((int, int), (int, int))
+        X and Y resolution in dots per inch as float or rational numbers.
+    compression : int
+        Value indicating the compression algorithm used, e.g. 5 is LZW,
+        7 is JPEG, 8 is deflate.
+        If 1, data are uncompressed.
+    predictor : int
+        Value 2 indicates horizontal differencing was used before compression,
+        while 3 indicates floating point horizontal differencing.
+        If 1, no prediction scheme was used before compression.
+    orientation : {'top_left', 'bottom_right', ...}
+        Oriented of image array.
+    is_rgb : bool
+        True if page contains a RGB image.
+    is_contig : bool
+        True if page contains a contiguous image.
+    is_tiled : bool
+        True if page contains tiled image.
+    is_palette : bool
+        True if page contains a palette-colored image and not OME or STK.
+    is_reduced : bool
+        True if page is a reduced image of another image.
+    is_shaped : bool
+        True if page contains shape in image_description tag.
+    is_fluoview : bool
+        True if page contains FluoView MM_STAMP tag.
+    is_nih : bool
+        True if page contains NIH image header.
+    is_micromanager : bool
+        True if page contains Micro-Manager metadata.
+    is_ome : bool
+        True if page contains OME-XML in image_description tag.
+    is_sgi : bool
+        True if page contains SGI image and tile depth tags.
+    is_stk : bool
+        True if page contains UIC2Tag tag.
+    is_mdgel : bool
+        True if page contains md_file_tag tag.
+    is_mediacy : bool
+        True if page contains Media Cybernetics Id tag.
+    is_stk : bool
+        True if page contains UIC2Tag tag.
+    is_lsm : bool
+        True if page contains LSM CZ_LSM_INFO tag.
+    description : str
+        Image description
+    description1 : str
+        Additional description
+    is_imagej : None or str
+        ImageJ metadata
+    software : str
+        Software used to create the TIFF file
+    datetime : datetime.datetime
+        Creation date and time
+
+    Metadata for writing
+    --------------------
+    photometric : {'minisblack', 'miniswhite', 'rgb'}
+        The color space of the image data.
+        By default this setting is inferred from the data shape.
+    planarconfig : {'contig', 'planar'}
+        Specifies if samples are stored contiguous or in separate planes.
+        By default this setting is inferred from the data shape.
+        'contig': last dimension contains samples.
+        'planar': third last dimension contains samples.
+    resolution : (float, float) or ((int, int), (int, int))
+        X and Y resolution in dots per inch as float or rational numbers.
+    description : str
+        The subject of the image. Saved with the first page only.
+    compress : int
+        Values from 0 to 9 controlling the level of zlib (deflate) compression.
+        If 0, data are written uncompressed (default).
+    predictor : bool
+        If True, horizontal differencing is applied before compression.
+        Note that using an int literal 1 actually means no prediction scheme
+        will be used.
+    volume : bool
+        If True, volume data are stored in one tile (if applicable) using
+        the SGI image_depth and tile_depth tags.
+        Image width and depth must be multiple of 16.
+        Few software can read this format, e.g. MeVisLab.
+    writeshape : bool
+        If True, write the data shape to the image_description tag
+        if necessary and no other description is given.
+    extratags: sequence of tuples
+        Additional tags as [(code, dtype, count, value, writeonce)].
+
+        code : int
+            The TIFF tag Id.
+        dtype : str
+            Data type of items in 'value' in Python struct format.
+            One of B, s, H, I, 2I, b, h, i, f, d, Q, or q.
+        count : int
+            Number of data values. Not used for string values.
+        value : sequence
+            'Count' values compatible with 'dtype'.
+        writeonce : bool
+            If True, the tag is written to the first page only.
+    """
+
+    def _can_read(self, request):
+        # We support any kind of image data
+        return request.extension in self.extensions
+
+    def _can_write(self, request):
+        # We support any kind of image data
+        return request.extension in self.extensions
+
+    # -- reader
+
+    class Reader(Format.Reader):
+        def _open(self, **kwargs):
+            if not _tifffile:
+                load_lib()
+            # Allow loading from http; tifffile uses seek, so download first
+            if self.request.filename.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
+                self._f = f = open(self.request.get_local_filename(), "rb")
+            else:
+                self._f = None
+                f = self.request.get_file()
+            self._tf = _tifffile.TiffFile(f, **kwargs)
+
+            # metadata is the same for all images
+            self._meta = {}
+
+        def _close(self):
+            self._tf.close()
+            if self._f is not None:
+                self._f.close()
+
+        def _get_length(self):
+            if self.request.mode[1] in "vV":
+                return 1  # or can there be pages in pages or something?
+            else:
+                return len(self._tf.pages)
+
+        def _get_data(self, index):
+            if self.request.mode[1] in "vV":
+                # Read data as single 3D (+ color channels) array
+                if index != 0:
+                    raise IndexError('Tiff support no more than 1 "volume" per file')
+                im = self._tf.asarray()  # request as singleton image
+                meta = self._meta
+            else:
+                # Read as 2D image
+                if index < 0 or index >= self._get_length():
+                    raise IndexError("Index out of range while reading from tiff file")
+                im = self._tf.pages[index].asarray()
+                meta = self._meta or self._get_meta_data(index)
+            # Return array and empty meta data
+            return im, meta
+
+        def _get_meta_data(self, index):
+            page = self._tf.pages[index or 0]
+            for key in READ_METADATA_KEYS:
+                try:
+                    self._meta[key] = getattr(page, key)
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+
+            # tifffile <= 0.12.1 use datetime, newer use DateTime
+            for key in ("datetime", "DateTime"):
+                try:
+                    self._meta["datetime"] = datetime.datetime.strptime(
+                        page.tags[key].value, "%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S"
+                    )
+                    break
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+
+            return self._meta
+
+    # -- writer
+    class Writer(Format.Writer):
+        def _open(self, bigtiff=None, byteorder=None, software=None):
+            if not _tifffile:
+                load_lib()
+
+            try:
+                self._tf = _tifffile.TiffWriter(
+                    self.request.get_file(), bigtiff, byteorder, software=software
+                )
+                self._software = None
+            except TypeError:
+                # In tifffile >= 0.15, the `software` arg is passed to
+                # TiffWriter.save
+                self._tf = _tifffile.TiffWriter(
+                    self.request.get_file(), bigtiff, byteorder
+                )
+                self._software = software
+
+            self._meta = {}
+
+        def _close(self):
+            self._tf.close()
+
+        def _append_data(self, im, meta):
+            if meta:
+                self.set_meta_data(meta)
+            # No need to check self.request.mode; tifffile figures out whether
+            # this is a single page, or all page data at once.
+            if self._software is None:
+                self._tf.save(np.asanyarray(im), **self._meta)
+            else:
+                # tifffile >= 0.15
+                self._tf.save(np.asanyarray(im), software=self._software, **self._meta)
+
+        def set_meta_data(self, meta):
+            self._meta = {}
+            for (key, value) in meta.items():
+                if key in WRITE_METADATA_KEYS:
+                    # Special case of previously read `predictor` int value
+                    # 1(=NONE) translation to False expected by TiffWriter.save
+                    if key == "predictor" and not isinstance(value, bool):
+                        self._meta[key] = value > 1
+                    else:
+                        self._meta[key] = value
+
+
+# Register
+format = TiffFormat("tiff", "TIFF format", TIFF_FORMATS, "iIvV")
+formats.add_format(format)

venv/Lib/site-packages/imageio/testing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Distributed under the (new) BSD License. See LICENSE.txt for more info.
+
+""" Functionality used for testing. This code itself is not covered in tests.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import inspect
+import shutil
+import atexit
+
+import pytest
+
+# Get root dir
+THIS_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+ROOT_DIR = THIS_DIR
+for i in range(9):
+    ROOT_DIR = os.path.dirname(ROOT_DIR)
+    if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, ".gitignore")):
+        break
+
+
+## Functions to use in tests
+
+
+def run_tests_if_main(show_coverage=False):
+    """ Run tests in a given file if it is run as a script
+
+    Coverage is reported for running this single test. Set show_coverage to
+    launch the report in the web browser.
+    """
+    local_vars = inspect.currentframe().f_back.f_locals
+    if not local_vars.get("__name__", "") == "__main__":
+        return
+    # we are in a "__main__"
+    os.chdir(ROOT_DIR)
+    fname = str(local_vars["__file__"])
+    _clear_imageio()
+    _enable_faulthandler()
+    pytest.main(
+        [
+            "-v",
+            "-x",
+            "--color=yes",
+            "--cov",
+            "imageio",
+            "--cov-config",
+            ".coveragerc",
+            "--cov-report",
+            "html",
+            fname,
+        ]
+    )
+    if show_coverage:
+        import webbrowser
+
+        fname = os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, "htmlcov", "index.html")
+        webbrowser.open_new_tab(fname)
+
+
+_the_test_dir = None
+
+
+def get_test_dir():
+    global _the_test_dir
+    if _the_test_dir is None:
+        # Define dir
+        from imageio.core import appdata_dir
+
+        _the_test_dir = os.path.join(appdata_dir("imageio"), "testdir")
+        # Clear and create it now
+        clean_test_dir(True)
+        os.makedirs(_the_test_dir)
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(_the_test_dir, "images"))
+        # And later
+        atexit.register(clean_test_dir)
+    return _the_test_dir
+
+
+def clean_test_dir(strict=False):
+    if os.path.isdir(_the_test_dir):
+        try:
+            shutil.rmtree(_the_test_dir)
+        except Exception:
+            if strict:
+                raise
+
+
+def need_internet():
+    if os.getenv("IMAGEIO_NO_INTERNET", "").lower() in ("1", "true", "yes"):
+        pytest.skip("No internet")
+
+
+## Functions to use from invoke tasks
+
+
+def test_unit(cov_report="term"):
+    """ Run all unit tests. Returns exit code.
+    """
+    orig_dir = os.getcwd()
+    os.chdir(ROOT_DIR)
+    try:
+        _clear_imageio()
+        _enable_faulthandler()
+        return pytest.main(
+            [
+                "-v",
+                "--cov",
+                "imageio",
+                "--cov-config",
+                ".coveragerc",
+                "--cov-report",
+                cov_report,
+                "tests",
+            ]
+        )
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(orig_dir)
+        import imageio
+
+        print("Tests were performed on", str(imageio))
+
+
+## Requirements
+
+
+def _enable_faulthandler():
+    """ Enable faulthandler (if we can), so that we get tracebacks
+    on segfaults.
+    """
+    try:
+        import faulthandler
+
+        faulthandler.enable()
+        print("Faulthandler enabled")
+    except Exception:
+        print("Could not enable faulthandler")
+
+
+def _clear_imageio():
+    # Remove ourselves from sys.modules to force an import
+    for key in list(sys.modules.keys()):
+        if key.startswith("imageio"):
+            del sys.modules[key]