batuhan-basoglu/Vehicle-Anti-Theft-Face-Recognition-System
1
1
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Projects Releases Packages Wiki Activity Actions
Vehicle-Anti-Theft-Face-Rec.../venv/Lib/site-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py

3688 lines
116 KiB
Python
Raw Permalink Normal View History

Created starter files for the project.
2020-10-03 01:26:03 +00:00
"""Module containing non-deprecated functions borrowed from Numeric.
"""
import functools
import types
import warnings
import numpy as np
from . import multiarray as mu
from . import overrides
from . import umath as um
from . import numerictypes as nt
from ._asarray import asarray, array, asanyarray
from .multiarray import concatenate
from . import _methods
_dt_ = nt.sctype2char
# functions that are methods
__all__ = [
'alen', 'all', 'alltrue', 'amax', 'amin', 'any', 'argmax',
'argmin', 'argpartition', 'argsort', 'around', 'choose', 'clip',
'compress', 'cumprod', 'cumproduct', 'cumsum', 'diagonal', 'mean',
'ndim', 'nonzero', 'partition', 'prod', 'product', 'ptp', 'put',
'ravel', 'repeat', 'reshape', 'resize', 'round_',
'searchsorted', 'shape', 'size', 'sometrue', 'sort', 'squeeze',
'std', 'sum', 'swapaxes', 'take', 'trace', 'transpose', 'var',
]
_gentype = types.GeneratorType
# save away Python sum
_sum_ = sum
array_function_dispatch = functools.partial(
overrides.array_function_dispatch, module='numpy')
# functions that are now methods
def _wrapit(obj, method, *args, **kwds):
try:
wrap = obj.__array_wrap__
except AttributeError:
wrap = None
result = getattr(asarray(obj), method)(*args, **kwds)
if wrap:
if not isinstance(result, mu.ndarray):
result = asarray(result)
result = wrap(result)
return result
def _wrapfunc(obj, method, *args, **kwds):
bound = getattr(obj, method, None)
if bound is None:
return _wrapit(obj, method, *args, **kwds)
try:
return bound(*args, **kwds)
except TypeError:
# A TypeError occurs if the object does have such a method in its
# class, but its signature is not identical to that of NumPy's. This
# situation has occurred in the case of a downstream library like
# 'pandas'.
#
# Call _wrapit from within the except clause to ensure a potential
# exception has a traceback chain.
return _wrapit(obj, method, *args, **kwds)
def _wrapreduction(obj, ufunc, method, axis, dtype, out, **kwargs):
passkwargs = {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items()
if v is not np._NoValue}
if type(obj) is not mu.ndarray:
try:
reduction = getattr(obj, method)
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
# This branch is needed for reductions like any which don't
# support a dtype.
if dtype is not None:
return reduction(axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, **passkwargs)
else:
return reduction(axis=axis, out=out, **passkwargs)
return ufunc.reduce(obj, axis, dtype, out, **passkwargs)
def _take_dispatcher(a, indices, axis=None, out=None, mode=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_take_dispatcher)
def take(a, indices, axis=None, out=None, mode='raise'):
"""
Take elements from an array along an axis.
When axis is not None, this function does the same thing as "fancy"
indexing (indexing arrays using arrays); however, it can be easier to use
if you need elements along a given axis. A call such as
``np.take(arr, indices, axis=3)`` is equivalent to
``arr[:,:,:,indices,...]``.
Explained without fancy indexing, this is equivalent to the following use
of `ndindex`, which sets each of ``ii``, ``jj``, and ``kk`` to a tuple of
indices::
Ni, Nk = a.shape[:axis], a.shape[axis+1:]
Nj = indices.shape
for ii in ndindex(Ni):
for jj in ndindex(Nj):
for kk in ndindex(Nk):
out[ii + jj + kk] = a[ii + (indices[jj],) + kk]
Parameters
----------
a : array_like (Ni..., M, Nk...)
The source array.
indices : array_like (Nj...)
The indices of the values to extract.
.. versionadded:: 1.8.0
Also allow scalars for indices.
axis : int, optional
The axis over which to select values. By default, the flattened
input array is used.
out : ndarray, optional (Ni..., Nj..., Nk...)
If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should
be of the appropriate shape and dtype. Note that `out` is always
buffered if `mode='raise'`; use other modes for better performance.
mode : {'raise', 'wrap', 'clip'}, optional
Specifies how out-of-bounds indices will behave.
* 'raise' -- raise an error (default)
* 'wrap' -- wrap around
* 'clip' -- clip to the range
'clip' mode means that all indices that are too large are replaced
by the index that addresses the last element along that axis. Note
that this disables indexing with negative numbers.
Returns
-------
out : ndarray (Ni..., Nj..., Nk...)
The returned array has the same type as `a`.
See Also
--------
compress : Take elements using a boolean mask
ndarray.take : equivalent method
take_along_axis : Take elements by matching the array and the index arrays
Notes
-----
By eliminating the inner loop in the description above, and using `s_` to
build simple slice objects, `take` can be expressed in terms of applying
fancy indexing to each 1-d slice::
Ni, Nk = a.shape[:axis], a.shape[axis+1:]
for ii in ndindex(Ni):
for kk in ndindex(Nj):
out[ii + s_[...,] + kk] = a[ii + s_[:,] + kk][indices]
For this reason, it is equivalent to (but faster than) the following use
of `apply_along_axis`::
out = np.apply_along_axis(lambda a_1d: a_1d[indices], axis, a)
Examples
--------
>>> a = [4, 3, 5, 7, 6, 8]
>>> indices = [0, 1, 4]
>>> np.take(a, indices)
array([4, 3, 6])
In this example if `a` is an ndarray, "fancy" indexing can be used.
>>> a = np.array(a)
>>> a[indices]
array([4, 3, 6])
If `indices` is not one dimensional, the output also has these dimensions.
>>> np.take(a, [[0, 1], [2, 3]])
array([[4, 3],
[5, 7]])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'take', indices, axis=axis, out=out, mode=mode)
def _reshape_dispatcher(a, newshape, order=None):
return (a,)
# not deprecated --- copy if necessary, view otherwise
@array_function_dispatch(_reshape_dispatcher)
def reshape(a, newshape, order='C'):
"""
Gives a new shape to an array without changing its data.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array to be reshaped.
newshape : int or tuple of ints
The new shape should be compatible with the original shape. If
an integer, then the result will be a 1-D array of that length.
One shape dimension can be -1. In this case, the value is
inferred from the length of the array and remaining dimensions.
order : {'C', 'F', 'A'}, optional
Read the elements of `a` using this index order, and place the
elements into the reshaped array using this index order. 'C'
means to read / write the elements using C-like index order,
with the last axis index changing fastest, back to the first
axis index changing slowest. 'F' means to read / write the
elements using Fortran-like index order, with the first index
changing fastest, and the last index changing slowest. Note that
the 'C' and 'F' options take no account of the memory layout of
the underlying array, and only refer to the order of indexing.
'A' means to read / write the elements in Fortran-like index
order if `a` is Fortran *contiguous* in memory, C-like order
otherwise.
Returns
-------
reshaped_array : ndarray
This will be a new view object if possible; otherwise, it will
be a copy. Note there is no guarantee of the *memory layout* (C- or
Fortran- contiguous) of the returned array.
See Also
--------
ndarray.reshape : Equivalent method.
Notes
-----
It is not always possible to change the shape of an array without
copying the data. If you want an error to be raised when the data is copied,
you should assign the new shape to the shape attribute of the array::
>>> a = np.zeros((10, 2))
# A transpose makes the array non-contiguous
>>> b = a.T
# Taking a view makes it possible to modify the shape without modifying
# the initial object.
>>> c = b.view()
>>> c.shape = (20)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: Incompatible shape for in-place modification. Use
`.reshape()` to make a copy with the desired shape.
The `order` keyword gives the index ordering both for *fetching* the values
from `a`, and then *placing* the values into the output array.
For example, let's say you have an array:
>>> a = np.arange(6).reshape((3, 2))
>>> a
array([[0, 1],
[2, 3],
[4, 5]])
You can think of reshaping as first raveling the array (using the given
index order), then inserting the elements from the raveled array into the
new array using the same kind of index ordering as was used for the
raveling.
>>> np.reshape(a, (2, 3)) # C-like index ordering
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5]])
>>> np.reshape(np.ravel(a), (2, 3)) # equivalent to C ravel then C reshape
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5]])
>>> np.reshape(a, (2, 3), order='F') # Fortran-like index ordering
array([[0, 4, 3],
[2, 1, 5]])
>>> np.reshape(np.ravel(a, order='F'), (2, 3), order='F')
array([[0, 4, 3],
[2, 1, 5]])
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
>>> np.reshape(a, 6)
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
>>> np.reshape(a, 6, order='F')
array([1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6])
>>> np.reshape(a, (3,-1)) # the unspecified value is inferred to be 2
array([[1, 2],
[3, 4],
[5, 6]])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'reshape', newshape, order=order)
def _choose_dispatcher(a, choices, out=None, mode=None):
yield a
yield from choices
yield out
@array_function_dispatch(_choose_dispatcher)
def choose(a, choices, out=None, mode='raise'):
"""
Construct an array from an index array and a set of arrays to choose from.
First of all, if confused or uncertain, definitely look at the Examples -
in its full generality, this function is less simple than it might
seem from the following code description (below ndi =
`numpy.lib.index_tricks`):
``np.choose(a,c) == np.array([c[a[I]][I] for I in ndi.ndindex(a.shape)])``.
But this omits some subtleties. Here is a fully general summary:
Given an "index" array (`a`) of integers and a sequence of `n` arrays
(`choices`), `a` and each choice array are first broadcast, as necessary,
to arrays of a common shape; calling these *Ba* and *Bchoices[i], i =
0,...,n-1* we have that, necessarily, ``Ba.shape == Bchoices[i].shape``
for each `i`. Then, a new array with shape ``Ba.shape`` is created as
follows:
* if ``mode=raise`` (the default), then, first of all, each element of
`a` (and thus `Ba`) must be in the range `[0, n-1]`; now, suppose that
`i` (in that range) is the value at the `(j0, j1, ..., jm)` position
in `Ba` - then the value at the same position in the new array is the
value in `Bchoices[i]` at that same position;
* if ``mode=wrap``, values in `a` (and thus `Ba`) may be any (signed)
integer; modular arithmetic is used to map integers outside the range
`[0, n-1]` back into that range; and then the new array is constructed
as above;
* if ``mode=clip``, values in `a` (and thus `Ba`) may be any (signed)
integer; negative integers are mapped to 0; values greater than `n-1`
are mapped to `n-1`; and then the new array is constructed as above.
Parameters
----------
a : int array
This array must contain integers in `[0, n-1]`, where `n` is the number
of choices, unless ``mode=wrap`` or ``mode=clip``, in which cases any
integers are permissible.
choices : sequence of arrays
Choice arrays. `a` and all of the choices must be broadcastable to the
same shape. If `choices` is itself an array (not recommended), then
its outermost dimension (i.e., the one corresponding to
``choices.shape[0]``) is taken as defining the "sequence".
out : array, optional
If provided, the result will be inserted into this array. It should
be of the appropriate shape and dtype. Note that `out` is always
buffered if `mode='raise'`; use other modes for better performance.
mode : {'raise' (default), 'wrap', 'clip'}, optional
Specifies how indices outside `[0, n-1]` will be treated:
* 'raise' : an exception is raised
* 'wrap' : value becomes value mod `n`
* 'clip' : values < 0 are mapped to 0, values > n-1 are mapped to n-1
Returns
-------
merged_array : array
The merged result.
Raises
------
ValueError: shape mismatch
If `a` and each choice array are not all broadcastable to the same
shape.
See Also
--------
ndarray.choose : equivalent method
numpy.take_along_axis : Preferable if `choices` is an array
Notes
-----
To reduce the chance of misinterpretation, even though the following
"abuse" is nominally supported, `choices` should neither be, nor be
thought of as, a single array, i.e., the outermost sequence-like container
should be either a list or a tuple.
Examples
--------
>>> choices = [[0, 1, 2, 3], [10, 11, 12, 13],
... [20, 21, 22, 23], [30, 31, 32, 33]]
>>> np.choose([2, 3, 1, 0], choices
... # the first element of the result will be the first element of the
... # third (2+1) "array" in choices, namely, 20; the second element
... # will be the second element of the fourth (3+1) choice array, i.e.,
... # 31, etc.
... )
array([20, 31, 12, 3])
>>> np.choose([2, 4, 1, 0], choices, mode='clip') # 4 goes to 3 (4-1)
array([20, 31, 12, 3])
>>> # because there are 4 choice arrays
>>> np.choose([2, 4, 1, 0], choices, mode='wrap') # 4 goes to (4 mod 4)
array([20, 1, 12, 3])
>>> # i.e., 0
A couple examples illustrating how choose broadcasts:
>>> a = [[1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 1]]
>>> choices = [-10, 10]
>>> np.choose(a, choices)
array([[ 10, -10, 10],
[-10, 10, -10],
[ 10, -10, 10]])
>>> # With thanks to Anne Archibald
>>> a = np.array([0, 1]).reshape((2,1,1))
>>> c1 = np.array([1, 2, 3]).reshape((1,3,1))
>>> c2 = np.array([-1, -2, -3, -4, -5]).reshape((1,1,5))
>>> np.choose(a, (c1, c2)) # result is 2x3x5, res[0,:,:]=c1, res[1,:,:]=c2
array([[[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2],
[ 3, 3, 3, 3, 3]],
[[-1, -2, -3, -4, -5],
[-1, -2, -3, -4, -5],
[-1, -2, -3, -4, -5]]])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'choose', choices, out=out, mode=mode)
def _repeat_dispatcher(a, repeats, axis=None):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_repeat_dispatcher)
def repeat(a, repeats, axis=None):
"""
Repeat elements of an array.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
repeats : int or array of ints
The number of repetitions for each element. `repeats` is broadcasted
to fit the shape of the given axis.
axis : int, optional
The axis along which to repeat values. By default, use the
flattened input array, and return a flat output array.
Returns
-------
repeated_array : ndarray
Output array which has the same shape as `a`, except along
the given axis.
See Also
--------
tile : Tile an array.
Examples
--------
>>> np.repeat(3, 4)
array([3, 3, 3, 3])
>>> x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
>>> np.repeat(x, 2)
array([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4])
>>> np.repeat(x, 3, axis=1)
array([[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
[3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4]])
>>> np.repeat(x, [1, 2], axis=0)
array([[1, 2],
[3, 4],
[3, 4]])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'repeat', repeats, axis=axis)
def _put_dispatcher(a, ind, v, mode=None):
return (a, ind, v)
@array_function_dispatch(_put_dispatcher)
def put(a, ind, v, mode='raise'):
"""
Replaces specified elements of an array with given values.
The indexing works on the flattened target array. `put` is roughly
equivalent to:
::
a.flat[ind] = v
Parameters
----------
a : ndarray
Target array.
ind : array_like
Target indices, interpreted as integers.
v : array_like
Values to place in `a` at target indices. If `v` is shorter than
`ind` it will be repeated as necessary.
mode : {'raise', 'wrap', 'clip'}, optional
Specifies how out-of-bounds indices will behave.
* 'raise' -- raise an error (default)
* 'wrap' -- wrap around
* 'clip' -- clip to the range
'clip' mode means that all indices that are too large are replaced
by the index that addresses the last element along that axis. Note
that this disables indexing with negative numbers. In 'raise' mode,
if an exception occurs the target array may still be modified.
See Also
--------
putmask, place
put_along_axis : Put elements by matching the array and the index arrays
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.arange(5)
>>> np.put(a, [0, 2], [-44, -55])
>>> a
array([-44, 1, -55, 3, 4])
>>> a = np.arange(5)
>>> np.put(a, 22, -5, mode='clip')
>>> a
array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, -5])
"""
try:
put = a.put
except AttributeError:
raise TypeError("argument 1 must be numpy.ndarray, "
"not {name}".format(name=type(a).__name__))
return put(ind, v, mode=mode)
def _swapaxes_dispatcher(a, axis1, axis2):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_swapaxes_dispatcher)
def swapaxes(a, axis1, axis2):
"""
Interchange two axes of an array.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
axis1 : int
First axis.
axis2 : int
Second axis.
Returns
-------
a_swapped : ndarray
For NumPy >= 1.10.0, if `a` is an ndarray, then a view of `a` is
returned; otherwise a new array is created. For earlier NumPy
versions a view of `a` is returned only if the order of the
axes is changed, otherwise the input array is returned.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.array([[1,2,3]])
>>> np.swapaxes(x,0,1)
array([[1],
[2],
[3]])
>>> x = np.array([[[0,1],[2,3]],[[4,5],[6,7]]])
>>> x
array([[[0, 1],
[2, 3]],
[[4, 5],
[6, 7]]])
>>> np.swapaxes(x,0,2)
array([[[0, 4],
[2, 6]],
[[1, 5],
[3, 7]]])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'swapaxes', axis1, axis2)
def _transpose_dispatcher(a, axes=None):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_transpose_dispatcher)
def transpose(a, axes=None):
"""
Reverse or permute the axes of an array; returns the modified array.
For an array a with two axes, transpose(a) gives the matrix transpose.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
axes : tuple or list of ints, optional
If specified, it must be a tuple or list which contains a permutation of
[0,1,..,N-1] where N is the number of axes of a. The i'th axis of the
returned array will correspond to the axis numbered ``axes[i]`` of the
input. If not specified, defaults to ``range(a.ndim)[::-1]``, which
reverses the order of the axes.
Returns
-------
p : ndarray
`a` with its axes permuted. A view is returned whenever
possible.
See Also
--------
moveaxis
argsort
Notes
-----
Use `transpose(a, argsort(axes))` to invert the transposition of tensors
when using the `axes` keyword argument.
Transposing a 1-D array returns an unchanged view of the original array.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.arange(4).reshape((2,2))
>>> x
array([[0, 1],
[2, 3]])
>>> np.transpose(x)
array([[0, 2],
[1, 3]])
>>> x = np.ones((1, 2, 3))
>>> np.transpose(x, (1, 0, 2)).shape
(2, 1, 3)
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'transpose', axes)
def _partition_dispatcher(a, kth, axis=None, kind=None, order=None):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_partition_dispatcher)
def partition(a, kth, axis=-1, kind='introselect', order=None):
"""
Return a partitioned copy of an array.
Creates a copy of the array with its elements rearranged in such a
way that the value of the element in k-th position is in the
position it would be in a sorted array. All elements smaller than
the k-th element are moved before this element and all equal or
greater are moved behind it. The ordering of the elements in the two
partitions is undefined.
.. versionadded:: 1.8.0
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array to be sorted.
kth : int or sequence of ints
Element index to partition by. The k-th value of the element
will be in its final sorted position and all smaller elements
will be moved before it and all equal or greater elements behind
it. The order of all elements in the partitions is undefined. If
provided with a sequence of k-th it will partition all elements
indexed by k-th of them into their sorted position at once.
axis : int or None, optional
Axis along which to sort. If None, the array is flattened before
sorting. The default is -1, which sorts along the last axis.
kind : {'introselect'}, optional
Selection algorithm. Default is 'introselect'.
order : str or list of str, optional
When `a` is an array with fields defined, this argument
specifies which fields to compare first, second, etc. A single
field can be specified as a string. Not all fields need be
specified, but unspecified fields will still be used, in the
order in which they come up in the dtype, to break ties.
Returns
-------
partitioned_array : ndarray
Array of the same type and shape as `a`.
See Also
--------
ndarray.partition : Method to sort an array in-place.
argpartition : Indirect partition.
sort : Full sorting
Notes
-----
The various selection algorithms are characterized by their average
speed, worst case performance, work space size, and whether they are
stable. A stable sort keeps items with the same key in the same
relative order. The available algorithms have the following
properties:
================= ======= ============= ============ =======
kind speed worst case work space stable
================= ======= ============= ============ =======
'introselect' 1 O(n) 0 no
================= ======= ============= ============ =======
All the partition algorithms make temporary copies of the data when
partitioning along any but the last axis. Consequently,
partitioning along the last axis is faster and uses less space than
partitioning along any other axis.
The sort order for complex numbers is lexicographic. If both the
real and imaginary parts are non-nan then the order is determined by
the real parts except when they are equal, in which case the order
is determined by the imaginary parts.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([3, 4, 2, 1])
>>> np.partition(a, 3)
array([2, 1, 3, 4])
>>> np.partition(a, (1, 3))
array([1, 2, 3, 4])
"""
if axis is None:
# flatten returns (1, N) for np.matrix, so always use the last axis
a = asanyarray(a).flatten()
axis = -1
else:
a = asanyarray(a).copy(order="K")
a.partition(kth, axis=axis, kind=kind, order=order)
return a
def _argpartition_dispatcher(a, kth, axis=None, kind=None, order=None):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_argpartition_dispatcher)
def argpartition(a, kth, axis=-1, kind='introselect', order=None):
"""
Perform an indirect partition along the given axis using the
algorithm specified by the `kind` keyword. It returns an array of
indices of the same shape as `a` that index data along the given
axis in partitioned order.
.. versionadded:: 1.8.0
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array to sort.
kth : int or sequence of ints
Element index to partition by. The k-th element will be in its
final sorted position and all smaller elements will be moved
before it and all larger elements behind it. The order all
elements in the partitions is undefined. If provided with a
sequence of k-th it will partition all of them into their sorted
position at once.
axis : int or None, optional
Axis along which to sort. The default is -1 (the last axis). If
None, the flattened array is used.
kind : {'introselect'}, optional
Selection algorithm. Default is 'introselect'
order : str or list of str, optional
When `a` is an array with fields defined, this argument
specifies which fields to compare first, second, etc. A single
field can be specified as a string, and not all fields need be
specified, but unspecified fields will still be used, in the
order in which they come up in the dtype, to break ties.
Returns
-------
index_array : ndarray, int
Array of indices that partition `a` along the specified axis.
If `a` is one-dimensional, ``a[index_array]`` yields a partitioned `a`.
More generally, ``np.take_along_axis(a, index_array, axis=a)`` always
yields the partitioned `a`, irrespective of dimensionality.
See Also
--------
partition : Describes partition algorithms used.
ndarray.partition : Inplace partition.
argsort : Full indirect sort.
take_along_axis : Apply ``index_array`` from argpartition
to an array as if by calling partition.
Notes
-----
See `partition` for notes on the different selection algorithms.
Examples
--------
One dimensional array:
>>> x = np.array([3, 4, 2, 1])
>>> x[np.argpartition(x, 3)]
array([2, 1, 3, 4])
>>> x[np.argpartition(x, (1, 3))]
array([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> x = [3, 4, 2, 1]
>>> np.array(x)[np.argpartition(x, 3)]
array([2, 1, 3, 4])
Multi-dimensional array:
>>> x = np.array([[3, 4, 2], [1, 3, 1]])
>>> index_array = np.argpartition(x, kth=1, axis=-1)
>>> np.take_along_axis(x, index_array, axis=-1) # same as np.partition(x, kth=1)
array([[2, 3, 4],
[1, 1, 3]])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'argpartition', kth, axis=axis, kind=kind, order=order)
def _sort_dispatcher(a, axis=None, kind=None, order=None):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_sort_dispatcher)
def sort(a, axis=-1, kind=None, order=None):
"""
Return a sorted copy of an array.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array to be sorted.
axis : int or None, optional
Axis along which to sort. If None, the array is flattened before
sorting. The default is -1, which sorts along the last axis.
kind : {'quicksort', 'mergesort', 'heapsort', 'stable'}, optional
Sorting algorithm. The default is 'quicksort'. Note that both 'stable'
and 'mergesort' use timsort or radix sort under the covers and, in general,
the actual implementation will vary with data type. The 'mergesort' option
is retained for backwards compatibility.
.. versionchanged:: 1.15.0.
The 'stable' option was added.
order : str or list of str, optional
When `a` is an array with fields defined, this argument specifies
which fields to compare first, second, etc. A single field can
be specified as a string, and not all fields need be specified,
but unspecified fields will still be used, in the order in which
they come up in the dtype, to break ties.
Returns
-------
sorted_array : ndarray
Array of the same type and shape as `a`.
See Also
--------
ndarray.sort : Method to sort an array in-place.
argsort : Indirect sort.
lexsort : Indirect stable sort on multiple keys.
searchsorted : Find elements in a sorted array.
partition : Partial sort.
Notes
-----
The various sorting algorithms are characterized by their average speed,
worst case performance, work space size, and whether they are stable. A
stable sort keeps items with the same key in the same relative
order. The four algorithms implemented in NumPy have the following
properties:
=========== ======= ============= ============ ========
kind speed worst case work space stable
=========== ======= ============= ============ ========
'quicksort' 1 O(n^2) 0 no
'heapsort' 3 O(n*log(n)) 0 no
'mergesort' 2 O(n*log(n)) ~n/2 yes
'timsort' 2 O(n*log(n)) ~n/2 yes
=========== ======= ============= ============ ========
.. note:: The datatype determines which of 'mergesort' or 'timsort'
is actually used, even if 'mergesort' is specified. User selection
at a finer scale is not currently available.
All the sort algorithms make temporary copies of the data when
sorting along any but the last axis. Consequently, sorting along
the last axis is faster and uses less space than sorting along
any other axis.
The sort order for complex numbers is lexicographic. If both the real
and imaginary parts are non-nan then the order is determined by the
real parts except when they are equal, in which case the order is
determined by the imaginary parts.
Previous to numpy 1.4.0 sorting real and complex arrays containing nan
values led to undefined behaviour. In numpy versions >= 1.4.0 nan
values are sorted to the end. The extended sort order is:
* Real: [R, nan]
* Complex: [R + Rj, R + nanj, nan + Rj, nan + nanj]
where R is a non-nan real value. Complex values with the same nan
placements are sorted according to the non-nan part if it exists.
Non-nan values are sorted as before.
.. versionadded:: 1.12.0
quicksort has been changed to `introsort <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introsort>`_.
When sorting does not make enough progress it switches to
`heapsort <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heapsort>`_.
This implementation makes quicksort O(n*log(n)) in the worst case.
'stable' automatically chooses the best stable sorting algorithm
for the data type being sorted.
It, along with 'mergesort' is currently mapped to
`timsort <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsort>`_
or `radix sort <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_sort>`_
depending on the data type.
API forward compatibility currently limits the
ability to select the implementation and it is hardwired for the different
data types.
.. versionadded:: 1.17.0
Timsort is added for better performance on already or nearly
sorted data. On random data timsort is almost identical to
mergesort. It is now used for stable sort while quicksort is still the
default sort if none is chosen. For timsort details, refer to
`CPython listsort.txt <https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.7/Objects/listsort.txt>`_.
'mergesort' and 'stable' are mapped to radix sort for integer data types. Radix sort is an
O(n) sort instead of O(n log n).
.. versionchanged:: 1.18.0
NaT now sorts to the end of arrays for consistency with NaN.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1,4],[3,1]])
>>> np.sort(a) # sort along the last axis
array([[1, 4],
[1, 3]])
>>> np.sort(a, axis=None) # sort the flattened array
array([1, 1, 3, 4])
>>> np.sort(a, axis=0) # sort along the first axis
array([[1, 1],
[3, 4]])
Use the `order` keyword to specify a field to use when sorting a
structured array:
>>> dtype = [('name', 'S10'), ('height', float), ('age', int)]
>>> values = [('Arthur', 1.8, 41), ('Lancelot', 1.9, 38),
... ('Galahad', 1.7, 38)]
>>> a = np.array(values, dtype=dtype) # create a structured array
>>> np.sort(a, order='height') # doctest: +SKIP
array([('Galahad', 1.7, 38), ('Arthur', 1.8, 41),
('Lancelot', 1.8999999999999999, 38)],
dtype=[('name', '|S10'), ('height', '<f8'), ('age', '<i4')])
Sort by age, then height if ages are equal:
>>> np.sort(a, order=['age', 'height']) # doctest: +SKIP
array([('Galahad', 1.7, 38), ('Lancelot', 1.8999999999999999, 38),
('Arthur', 1.8, 41)],
dtype=[('name', '|S10'), ('height', '<f8'), ('age', '<i4')])
"""
if axis is None:
# flatten returns (1, N) for np.matrix, so always use the last axis
a = asanyarray(a).flatten()
axis = -1
else:
a = asanyarray(a).copy(order="K")
a.sort(axis=axis, kind=kind, order=order)
return a
def _argsort_dispatcher(a, axis=None, kind=None, order=None):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_argsort_dispatcher)
def argsort(a, axis=-1, kind=None, order=None):
"""
Returns the indices that would sort an array.
Perform an indirect sort along the given axis using the algorithm specified
by the `kind` keyword. It returns an array of indices of the same shape as
`a` that index data along the given axis in sorted order.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array to sort.
axis : int or None, optional
Axis along which to sort. The default is -1 (the last axis). If None,
the flattened array is used.
kind : {'quicksort', 'mergesort', 'heapsort', 'stable'}, optional
Sorting algorithm. The default is 'quicksort'. Note that both 'stable'
and 'mergesort' use timsort under the covers and, in general, the
actual implementation will vary with data type. The 'mergesort' option
is retained for backwards compatibility.
.. versionchanged:: 1.15.0.
The 'stable' option was added.
order : str or list of str, optional
When `a` is an array with fields defined, this argument specifies
which fields to compare first, second, etc. A single field can
be specified as a string, and not all fields need be specified,
but unspecified fields will still be used, in the order in which
they come up in the dtype, to break ties.
Returns
-------
index_array : ndarray, int
Array of indices that sort `a` along the specified `axis`.
If `a` is one-dimensional, ``a[index_array]`` yields a sorted `a`.
More generally, ``np.take_along_axis(a, index_array, axis=axis)``
always yields the sorted `a`, irrespective of dimensionality.
See Also
--------
sort : Describes sorting algorithms used.
lexsort : Indirect stable sort with multiple keys.
ndarray.sort : Inplace sort.
argpartition : Indirect partial sort.
take_along_axis : Apply ``index_array`` from argsort
to an array as if by calling sort.
Notes
-----
See `sort` for notes on the different sorting algorithms.
As of NumPy 1.4.0 `argsort` works with real/complex arrays containing
nan values. The enhanced sort order is documented in `sort`.
Examples
--------
One dimensional array:
>>> x = np.array([3, 1, 2])
>>> np.argsort(x)
array([1, 2, 0])
Two-dimensional array:
>>> x = np.array([[0, 3], [2, 2]])
>>> x
array([[0, 3],
[2, 2]])
>>> ind = np.argsort(x, axis=0) # sorts along first axis (down)
>>> ind
array([[0, 1],
[1, 0]])
>>> np.take_along_axis(x, ind, axis=0) # same as np.sort(x, axis=0)
array([[0, 2],
[2, 3]])
>>> ind = np.argsort(x, axis=1) # sorts along last axis (across)
>>> ind
array([[0, 1],
[0, 1]])
>>> np.take_along_axis(x, ind, axis=1) # same as np.sort(x, axis=1)
array([[0, 3],
[2, 2]])
Indices of the sorted elements of a N-dimensional array:
>>> ind = np.unravel_index(np.argsort(x, axis=None), x.shape)
>>> ind
(array([0, 1, 1, 0]), array([0, 0, 1, 1]))
>>> x[ind] # same as np.sort(x, axis=None)
array([0, 2, 2, 3])
Sorting with keys:
>>> x = np.array([(1, 0), (0, 1)], dtype=[('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<i4')])
>>> x
array([(1, 0), (0, 1)],
dtype=[('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<i4')])
>>> np.argsort(x, order=('x','y'))
array([1, 0])
>>> np.argsort(x, order=('y','x'))
array([0, 1])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'argsort', axis=axis, kind=kind, order=order)
def _argmax_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_argmax_dispatcher)
def argmax(a, axis=None, out=None):
"""
Returns the indices of the maximum values along an axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
axis : int, optional
By default, the index is into the flattened array, otherwise
along the specified axis.
out : array, optional
If provided, the result will be inserted into this array. It should
be of the appropriate shape and dtype.
Returns
-------
index_array : ndarray of ints
Array of indices into the array. It has the same shape as `a.shape`
with the dimension along `axis` removed.
See Also
--------
ndarray.argmax, argmin
amax : The maximum value along a given axis.
unravel_index : Convert a flat index into an index tuple.
take_along_axis : Apply ``np.expand_dims(index_array, axis)``
from argmax to an array as if by calling max.
Notes
-----
In case of multiple occurrences of the maximum values, the indices
corresponding to the first occurrence are returned.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3) + 10
>>> a
array([[10, 11, 12],
[13, 14, 15]])
>>> np.argmax(a)
5
>>> np.argmax(a, axis=0)
array([1, 1, 1])
>>> np.argmax(a, axis=1)
array([2, 2])
Indexes of the maximal elements of a N-dimensional array:
>>> ind = np.unravel_index(np.argmax(a, axis=None), a.shape)
>>> ind
(1, 2)
>>> a[ind]
15
>>> b = np.arange(6)
>>> b[1] = 5
>>> b
array([0, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5])
>>> np.argmax(b) # Only the first occurrence is returned.
1
>>> x = np.array([[4,2,3], [1,0,3]])
>>> index_array = np.argmax(x, axis=-1)
>>> # Same as np.max(x, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
>>> np.take_along_axis(x, np.expand_dims(index_array, axis=-1), axis=-1)
array([[4],
[3]])
>>> # Same as np.max(x, axis=-1)
>>> np.take_along_axis(x, np.expand_dims(index_array, axis=-1), axis=-1).squeeze(axis=-1)
array([4, 3])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'argmax', axis=axis, out=out)
def _argmin_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_argmin_dispatcher)
def argmin(a, axis=None, out=None):
"""
Returns the indices of the minimum values along an axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
axis : int, optional
By default, the index is into the flattened array, otherwise
along the specified axis.
out : array, optional
If provided, the result will be inserted into this array. It should
be of the appropriate shape and dtype.
Returns
-------
index_array : ndarray of ints
Array of indices into the array. It has the same shape as `a.shape`
with the dimension along `axis` removed.
See Also
--------
ndarray.argmin, argmax
amin : The minimum value along a given axis.
unravel_index : Convert a flat index into an index tuple.
take_along_axis : Apply ``np.expand_dims(index_array, axis)``
from argmin to an array as if by calling min.
Notes
-----
In case of multiple occurrences of the minimum values, the indices
corresponding to the first occurrence are returned.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3) + 10
>>> a
array([[10, 11, 12],
[13, 14, 15]])
>>> np.argmin(a)
0
>>> np.argmin(a, axis=0)
array([0, 0, 0])
>>> np.argmin(a, axis=1)
array([0, 0])
Indices of the minimum elements of a N-dimensional array:
>>> ind = np.unravel_index(np.argmin(a, axis=None), a.shape)
>>> ind
(0, 0)
>>> a[ind]
10
>>> b = np.arange(6) + 10
>>> b[4] = 10
>>> b
array([10, 11, 12, 13, 10, 15])
>>> np.argmin(b) # Only the first occurrence is returned.
0
>>> x = np.array([[4,2,3], [1,0,3]])
>>> index_array = np.argmin(x, axis=-1)
>>> # Same as np.min(x, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
>>> np.take_along_axis(x, np.expand_dims(index_array, axis=-1), axis=-1)
array([[2],
[0]])
>>> # Same as np.max(x, axis=-1)
>>> np.take_along_axis(x, np.expand_dims(index_array, axis=-1), axis=-1).squeeze(axis=-1)
array([2, 0])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'argmin', axis=axis, out=out)
def _searchsorted_dispatcher(a, v, side=None, sorter=None):
return (a, v, sorter)
@array_function_dispatch(_searchsorted_dispatcher)
def searchsorted(a, v, side='left', sorter=None):
"""
Find indices where elements should be inserted to maintain order.
Find the indices into a sorted array `a` such that, if the
corresponding elements in `v` were inserted before the indices, the
order of `a` would be preserved.
Assuming that `a` is sorted:
====== ============================
`side` returned index `i` satisfies
====== ============================
left ``a[i-1] < v <= a[i]``
right ``a[i-1] <= v < a[i]``
====== ============================
Parameters
----------
a : 1-D array_like
Input array. If `sorter` is None, then it must be sorted in
ascending order, otherwise `sorter` must be an array of indices
that sort it.
v : array_like
Values to insert into `a`.
side : {'left', 'right'}, optional
If 'left', the index of the first suitable location found is given.
If 'right', return the last such index. If there is no suitable
index, return either 0 or N (where N is the length of `a`).
sorter : 1-D array_like, optional
Optional array of integer indices that sort array a into ascending
order. They are typically the result of argsort.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
Returns
-------
indices : array of ints
Array of insertion points with the same shape as `v`.
See Also
--------
sort : Return a sorted copy of an array.
histogram : Produce histogram from 1-D data.
Notes
-----
Binary search is used to find the required insertion points.
As of NumPy 1.4.0 `searchsorted` works with real/complex arrays containing
`nan` values. The enhanced sort order is documented in `sort`.
This function uses the same algorithm as the builtin python `bisect.bisect_left`
(``side='left'``) and `bisect.bisect_right` (``side='right'``) functions,
which is also vectorized in the `v` argument.
Examples
--------
>>> np.searchsorted([1,2,3,4,5], 3)
2
>>> np.searchsorted([1,2,3,4,5], 3, side='right')
3
>>> np.searchsorted([1,2,3,4,5], [-10, 10, 2, 3])
array([0, 5, 1, 2])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'searchsorted', v, side=side, sorter=sorter)
def _resize_dispatcher(a, new_shape):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_resize_dispatcher)
def resize(a, new_shape):
"""
Return a new array with the specified shape.
If the new array is larger than the original array, then the new
array is filled with repeated copies of `a`. Note that this behavior
is different from a.resize(new_shape) which fills with zeros instead
of repeated copies of `a`.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array to be resized.
new_shape : int or tuple of int
Shape of resized array.
Returns
-------
reshaped_array : ndarray
The new array is formed from the data in the old array, repeated
if necessary to fill out the required number of elements. The
data are repeated in the order that they are stored in memory.
See Also
--------
ndarray.resize : resize an array in-place.
Notes
-----
Warning: This functionality does **not** consider axes separately,
i.e. it does not apply interpolation/extrapolation.
It fills the return array with the required number of elements, taken
from `a` as they are laid out in memory, disregarding strides and axes.
(This is in case the new shape is smaller. For larger, see above.)
This functionality is therefore not suitable to resize images,
or data where each axis represents a separate and distinct entity.
Examples
--------
>>> a=np.array([[0,1],[2,3]])
>>> np.resize(a,(2,3))
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 0, 1]])
>>> np.resize(a,(1,4))
array([[0, 1, 2, 3]])
>>> np.resize(a,(2,4))
array([[0, 1, 2, 3],
[0, 1, 2, 3]])
"""
if isinstance(new_shape, (int, nt.integer)):
new_shape = (new_shape,)
a = ravel(a)
Na = len(a)
total_size = um.multiply.reduce(new_shape)
if Na == 0 or total_size == 0:
return mu.zeros(new_shape, a.dtype)
n_copies = int(total_size / Na)
extra = total_size % Na
if extra != 0:
n_copies = n_copies + 1
extra = Na - extra
a = concatenate((a,) * n_copies)
if extra > 0:
a = a[:-extra]
return reshape(a, new_shape)
def _squeeze_dispatcher(a, axis=None):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_squeeze_dispatcher)
def squeeze(a, axis=None):
"""
Remove single-dimensional entries from the shape of an array.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input data.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
Selects a subset of the single-dimensional entries in the
shape. If an axis is selected with shape entry greater than
one, an error is raised.
Returns
-------
squeezed : ndarray
The input array, but with all or a subset of the
dimensions of length 1 removed. This is always `a` itself
or a view into `a`. Note that if all axes are squeezed,
the result is a 0d array and not a scalar.
Raises
------
ValueError
If `axis` is not None, and an axis being squeezed is not of length 1
See Also
--------
expand_dims : The inverse operation, adding singleton dimensions
reshape : Insert, remove, and combine dimensions, and resize existing ones
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.array([[[0], [1], [2]]])
>>> x.shape
(1, 3, 1)
>>> np.squeeze(x).shape
(3,)
>>> np.squeeze(x, axis=0).shape
(3, 1)
>>> np.squeeze(x, axis=1).shape
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: cannot select an axis to squeeze out which has size not equal to one
>>> np.squeeze(x, axis=2).shape
(1, 3)
>>> x = np.array([[1234]])
>>> x.shape
(1, 1)
>>> np.squeeze(x)
array(1234) # 0d array
>>> np.squeeze(x).shape
()
>>> np.squeeze(x)[()]
1234
"""
try:
squeeze = a.squeeze
except AttributeError:
return _wrapit(a, 'squeeze', axis=axis)
if axis is None:
return squeeze()
else:
return squeeze(axis=axis)
def _diagonal_dispatcher(a, offset=None, axis1=None, axis2=None):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_diagonal_dispatcher)
def diagonal(a, offset=0, axis1=0, axis2=1):
"""
Return specified diagonals.
If `a` is 2-D, returns the diagonal of `a` with the given offset,
i.e., the collection of elements of the form ``a[i, i+offset]``. If
`a` has more than two dimensions, then the axes specified by `axis1`
and `axis2` are used to determine the 2-D sub-array whose diagonal is
returned. The shape of the resulting array can be determined by
removing `axis1` and `axis2` and appending an index to the right equal
to the size of the resulting diagonals.
In versions of NumPy prior to 1.7, this function always returned a new,
independent array containing a copy of the values in the diagonal.
In NumPy 1.7 and 1.8, it continues to return a copy of the diagonal,
but depending on this fact is deprecated. Writing to the resulting
array continues to work as it used to, but a FutureWarning is issued.
Starting in NumPy 1.9 it returns a read-only view on the original array.
Attempting to write to the resulting array will produce an error.
In some future release, it will return a read/write view and writing to
the returned array will alter your original array. The returned array
will have the same type as the input array.
If you don't write to the array returned by this function, then you can
just ignore all of the above.
If you depend on the current behavior, then we suggest copying the
returned array explicitly, i.e., use ``np.diagonal(a).copy()`` instead
of just ``np.diagonal(a)``. This will work with both past and future
versions of NumPy.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array from which the diagonals are taken.
offset : int, optional
Offset of the diagonal from the main diagonal. Can be positive or
negative. Defaults to main diagonal (0).
axis1 : int, optional
Axis to be used as the first axis of the 2-D sub-arrays from which
the diagonals should be taken. Defaults to first axis (0).
axis2 : int, optional
Axis to be used as the second axis of the 2-D sub-arrays from
which the diagonals should be taken. Defaults to second axis (1).
Returns
-------
array_of_diagonals : ndarray
If `a` is 2-D, then a 1-D array containing the diagonal and of the
same type as `a` is returned unless `a` is a `matrix`, in which case
a 1-D array rather than a (2-D) `matrix` is returned in order to
maintain backward compatibility.
If ``a.ndim > 2``, then the dimensions specified by `axis1` and `axis2`
are removed, and a new axis inserted at the end corresponding to the
diagonal.
Raises
------
ValueError
If the dimension of `a` is less than 2.
See Also
--------
diag : MATLAB work-a-like for 1-D and 2-D arrays.
diagflat : Create diagonal arrays.
trace : Sum along diagonals.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.arange(4).reshape(2,2)
>>> a
array([[0, 1],
[2, 3]])
>>> a.diagonal()
array([0, 3])
>>> a.diagonal(1)
array([1])
A 3-D example:
>>> a = np.arange(8).reshape(2,2,2); a
array([[[0, 1],
[2, 3]],
[[4, 5],
[6, 7]]])
>>> a.diagonal(0, # Main diagonals of two arrays created by skipping
... 0, # across the outer(left)-most axis last and
... 1) # the "middle" (row) axis first.
array([[0, 6],
[1, 7]])
The sub-arrays whose main diagonals we just obtained; note that each
corresponds to fixing the right-most (column) axis, and that the
diagonals are "packed" in rows.
>>> a[:,:,0] # main diagonal is [0 6]
array([[0, 2],
[4, 6]])
>>> a[:,:,1] # main diagonal is [1 7]
array([[1, 3],
[5, 7]])
The anti-diagonal can be obtained by reversing the order of elements
using either `numpy.flipud` or `numpy.fliplr`.
>>> a = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
>>> a
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5],
[6, 7, 8]])
>>> np.fliplr(a).diagonal() # Horizontal flip
array([2, 4, 6])
>>> np.flipud(a).diagonal() # Vertical flip
array([6, 4, 2])
Note that the order in which the diagonal is retrieved varies depending
on the flip function.
"""
if isinstance(a, np.matrix):
# Make diagonal of matrix 1-D to preserve backward compatibility.
return asarray(a).diagonal(offset=offset, axis1=axis1, axis2=axis2)
else:
return asanyarray(a).diagonal(offset=offset, axis1=axis1, axis2=axis2)
def _trace_dispatcher(
a, offset=None, axis1=None, axis2=None, dtype=None, out=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_trace_dispatcher)
def trace(a, offset=0, axis1=0, axis2=1, dtype=None, out=None):
"""
Return the sum along diagonals of the array.
If `a` is 2-D, the sum along its diagonal with the given offset
is returned, i.e., the sum of elements ``a[i,i+offset]`` for all i.
If `a` has more than two dimensions, then the axes specified by axis1 and
axis2 are used to determine the 2-D sub-arrays whose traces are returned.
The shape of the resulting array is the same as that of `a` with `axis1`
and `axis2` removed.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array, from which the diagonals are taken.
offset : int, optional
Offset of the diagonal from the main diagonal. Can be both positive
and negative. Defaults to 0.
axis1, axis2 : int, optional
Axes to be used as the first and second axis of the 2-D sub-arrays
from which the diagonals should be taken. Defaults are the first two
axes of `a`.
dtype : dtype, optional
Determines the data-type of the returned array and of the accumulator
where the elements are summed. If dtype has the value None and `a` is
of integer type of precision less than the default integer
precision, then the default integer precision is used. Otherwise,
the precision is the same as that of `a`.
out : ndarray, optional
Array into which the output is placed. Its type is preserved and
it must be of the right shape to hold the output.
Returns
-------
sum_along_diagonals : ndarray
If `a` is 2-D, the sum along the diagonal is returned. If `a` has
larger dimensions, then an array of sums along diagonals is returned.
See Also
--------
diag, diagonal, diagflat
Examples
--------
>>> np.trace(np.eye(3))
3.0
>>> a = np.arange(8).reshape((2,2,2))
>>> np.trace(a)
array([6, 8])
>>> a = np.arange(24).reshape((2,2,2,3))
>>> np.trace(a).shape
(2, 3)
"""
if isinstance(a, np.matrix):
# Get trace of matrix via an array to preserve backward compatibility.
return asarray(a).trace(offset=offset, axis1=axis1, axis2=axis2, dtype=dtype, out=out)
else:
return asanyarray(a).trace(offset=offset, axis1=axis1, axis2=axis2, dtype=dtype, out=out)
def _ravel_dispatcher(a, order=None):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_ravel_dispatcher)
def ravel(a, order='C'):
"""Return a contiguous flattened array.
A 1-D array, containing the elements of the input, is returned. A copy is
made only if needed.
As of NumPy 1.10, the returned array will have the same type as the input
array. (for example, a masked array will be returned for a masked array
input)
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array. The elements in `a` are read in the order specified by
`order`, and packed as a 1-D array.
order : {'C','F', 'A', 'K'}, optional
The elements of `a` are read using this index order. 'C' means
to index the elements in row-major, C-style order,
with the last axis index changing fastest, back to the first
axis index changing slowest. 'F' means to index the elements
in column-major, Fortran-style order, with the
first index changing fastest, and the last index changing
slowest. Note that the 'C' and 'F' options take no account of
the memory layout of the underlying array, and only refer to
the order of axis indexing. 'A' means to read the elements in
Fortran-like index order if `a` is Fortran *contiguous* in
memory, C-like order otherwise. 'K' means to read the
elements in the order they occur in memory, except for
reversing the data when strides are negative. By default, 'C'
index order is used.
Returns
-------
y : array_like
y is an array of the same subtype as `a`, with shape ``(a.size,)``.
Note that matrices are special cased for backward compatibility, if `a`
is a matrix, then y is a 1-D ndarray.
See Also
--------
ndarray.flat : 1-D iterator over an array.
ndarray.flatten : 1-D array copy of the elements of an array
in row-major order.
ndarray.reshape : Change the shape of an array without changing its data.
Notes
-----
In row-major, C-style order, in two dimensions, the row index
varies the slowest, and the column index the quickest. This can
be generalized to multiple dimensions, where row-major order
implies that the index along the first axis varies slowest, and
the index along the last quickest. The opposite holds for
column-major, Fortran-style index ordering.
When a view is desired in as many cases as possible, ``arr.reshape(-1)``
may be preferable.
Examples
--------
It is equivalent to ``reshape(-1, order=order)``.
>>> x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
>>> np.ravel(x)
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
>>> x.reshape(-1)
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
>>> np.ravel(x, order='F')
array([1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6])
When ``order`` is 'A', it will preserve the array's 'C' or 'F' ordering:
>>> np.ravel(x.T)
array([1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6])
>>> np.ravel(x.T, order='A')
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
When ``order`` is 'K', it will preserve orderings that are neither 'C'
nor 'F', but won't reverse axes:
>>> a = np.arange(3)[::-1]; a
array([2, 1, 0])
>>> a.ravel(order='C')
array([2, 1, 0])
>>> a.ravel(order='K')
array([2, 1, 0])
>>> a = np.arange(12).reshape(2,3,2).swapaxes(1,2); a
array([[[ 0, 2, 4],
[ 1, 3, 5]],
[[ 6, 8, 10],
[ 7, 9, 11]]])
>>> a.ravel(order='C')
array([ 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 7, 9, 11])
>>> a.ravel(order='K')
array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11])
"""
if isinstance(a, np.matrix):
return asarray(a).ravel(order=order)
else:
return asanyarray(a).ravel(order=order)
def _nonzero_dispatcher(a):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_nonzero_dispatcher)
def nonzero(a):
"""
Return the indices of the elements that are non-zero.
Returns a tuple of arrays, one for each dimension of `a`,
containing the indices of the non-zero elements in that
dimension. The values in `a` are always tested and returned in
row-major, C-style order.
To group the indices by element, rather than dimension, use `argwhere`,
which returns a row for each non-zero element.
.. note::
When called on a zero-d array or scalar, ``nonzero(a)`` is treated
as ``nonzero(atleast1d(a))``.
.. deprecated:: 1.17.0
Use `atleast1d` explicitly if this behavior is deliberate.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
Returns
-------
tuple_of_arrays : tuple
Indices of elements that are non-zero.
See Also
--------
flatnonzero :
Return indices that are non-zero in the flattened version of the input
array.
ndarray.nonzero :
Equivalent ndarray method.
count_nonzero :
Counts the number of non-zero elements in the input array.
Notes
-----
While the nonzero values can be obtained with ``a[nonzero(a)]``, it is
recommended to use ``x[x.astype(bool)]`` or ``x[x != 0]`` instead, which
will correctly handle 0-d arrays.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.array([[3, 0, 0], [0, 4, 0], [5, 6, 0]])
>>> x
array([[3, 0, 0],
[0, 4, 0],
[5, 6, 0]])
>>> np.nonzero(x)
(array([0, 1, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 0, 1]))
>>> x[np.nonzero(x)]
array([3, 4, 5, 6])
>>> np.transpose(np.nonzero(x))
array([[0, 0],
[1, 1],
[2, 0],
[2, 1]])
A common use for ``nonzero`` is to find the indices of an array, where
a condition is True. Given an array `a`, the condition `a` > 3 is a
boolean array and since False is interpreted as 0, np.nonzero(a > 3)
yields the indices of the `a` where the condition is true.
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
>>> a > 3
array([[False, False, False],
[ True, True, True],
[ True, True, True]])
>>> np.nonzero(a > 3)
(array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]))
Using this result to index `a` is equivalent to using the mask directly:
>>> a[np.nonzero(a > 3)]
array([4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
>>> a[a > 3] # prefer this spelling
array([4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
``nonzero`` can also be called as a method of the array.
>>> (a > 3).nonzero()
(array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]))
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'nonzero')
def _shape_dispatcher(a):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_shape_dispatcher)
def shape(a):
"""
Return the shape of an array.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
Returns
-------
shape : tuple of ints
The elements of the shape tuple give the lengths of the
corresponding array dimensions.
See Also
--------
alen
ndarray.shape : Equivalent array method.
Examples
--------
>>> np.shape(np.eye(3))
(3, 3)
>>> np.shape([[1, 2]])
(1, 2)
>>> np.shape([0])
(1,)
>>> np.shape(0)
()
>>> a = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], dtype=[('x', 'i4'), ('y', 'i4')])
>>> np.shape(a)
(2,)
>>> a.shape
(2,)
"""
try:
result = a.shape
except AttributeError:
result = asarray(a).shape
return result
def _compress_dispatcher(condition, a, axis=None, out=None):
return (condition, a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_compress_dispatcher)
def compress(condition, a, axis=None, out=None):
"""
Return selected slices of an array along given axis.
When working along a given axis, a slice along that axis is returned in
`output` for each index where `condition` evaluates to True. When
working on a 1-D array, `compress` is equivalent to `extract`.
Parameters
----------
condition : 1-D array of bools
Array that selects which entries to return. If len(condition)
is less than the size of `a` along the given axis, then output is
truncated to the length of the condition array.
a : array_like
Array from which to extract a part.
axis : int, optional
Axis along which to take slices. If None (default), work on the
flattened array.
out : ndarray, optional
Output array. Its type is preserved and it must be of the right
shape to hold the output.
Returns
-------
compressed_array : ndarray
A copy of `a` without the slices along axis for which `condition`
is false.
See Also
--------
take, choose, diag, diagonal, select
ndarray.compress : Equivalent method in ndarray
np.extract: Equivalent method when working on 1-D arrays
ufuncs-output-type
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
>>> a
array([[1, 2],
[3, 4],
[5, 6]])
>>> np.compress([0, 1], a, axis=0)
array([[3, 4]])
>>> np.compress([False, True, True], a, axis=0)
array([[3, 4],
[5, 6]])
>>> np.compress([False, True], a, axis=1)
array([[2],
[4],
[6]])
Working on the flattened array does not return slices along an axis but
selects elements.
>>> np.compress([False, True], a)
array([2])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'compress', condition, axis=axis, out=out)
def _clip_dispatcher(a, a_min, a_max, out=None, **kwargs):
return (a, a_min, a_max)
@array_function_dispatch(_clip_dispatcher)
def clip(a, a_min, a_max, out=None, **kwargs):
"""
Clip (limit) the values in an array.
Given an interval, values outside the interval are clipped to
the interval edges. For example, if an interval of ``[0, 1]``
is specified, values smaller than 0 become 0, and values larger
than 1 become 1.
Equivalent to but faster than ``np.minimum(a_max, np.maximum(a, a_min))``.
No check is performed to ensure ``a_min < a_max``.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array containing elements to clip.
a_min : scalar or array_like or None
Minimum value. If None, clipping is not performed on lower
interval edge. Not more than one of `a_min` and `a_max` may be
None.
a_max : scalar or array_like or None
Maximum value. If None, clipping is not performed on upper
interval edge. Not more than one of `a_min` and `a_max` may be
None. If `a_min` or `a_max` are array_like, then the three
arrays will be broadcasted to match their shapes.
out : ndarray, optional
The results will be placed in this array. It may be the input
array for in-place clipping. `out` must be of the right shape
to hold the output. Its type is preserved.
**kwargs
For other keyword-only arguments, see the
:ref:`ufunc docs <ufuncs.kwargs>`.
.. versionadded:: 1.17.0
Returns
-------
clipped_array : ndarray
An array with the elements of `a`, but where values
< `a_min` are replaced with `a_min`, and those > `a_max`
with `a_max`.
See Also
--------
ufuncs-output-type
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.arange(10)
>>> np.clip(a, 1, 8)
array([1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8])
>>> a
array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
>>> np.clip(a, 3, 6, out=a)
array([3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6])
>>> a = np.arange(10)
>>> a
array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
>>> np.clip(a, [3, 4, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4], 8)
array([3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'clip', a_min, a_max, out=out, **kwargs)
def _sum_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=None,
initial=None, where=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_sum_dispatcher)
def sum(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue,
initial=np._NoValue, where=np._NoValue):
"""
Sum of array elements over a given axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Elements to sum.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
Axis or axes along which a sum is performed. The default,
axis=None, will sum all of the elements of the input array. If
axis is negative it counts from the last to the first axis.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
If axis is a tuple of ints, a sum is performed on all of the axes
specified in the tuple instead of a single axis or all the axes as
before.
dtype : dtype, optional
The type of the returned array and of the accumulator in which the
elements are summed. The dtype of `a` is used by default unless `a`
has an integer dtype of less precision than the default platform
integer. In that case, if `a` is signed then the platform integer
is used while if `a` is unsigned then an unsigned integer of the
same precision as the platform integer is used.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
the same shape as the expected output, but the type of the output
values will be cast if necessary.
keepdims : bool, optional
If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
passed through to the `sum` method of sub-classes of
`ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the
sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
exceptions will be raised.
initial : scalar, optional
Starting value for the sum. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
.. versionadded:: 1.15.0
where : array_like of bool, optional
Elements to include in the sum. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
.. versionadded:: 1.17.0
Returns
-------
sum_along_axis : ndarray
An array with the same shape as `a`, with the specified
axis removed. If `a` is a 0-d array, or if `axis` is None, a scalar
is returned. If an output array is specified, a reference to
`out` is returned.
See Also
--------
ndarray.sum : Equivalent method.
add.reduce : Equivalent functionality of `add`.
cumsum : Cumulative sum of array elements.
trapz : Integration of array values using the composite trapezoidal rule.
mean, average
Notes
-----
Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is
raised on overflow.
The sum of an empty array is the neutral element 0:
>>> np.sum([])
0.0
For floating point numbers the numerical precision of sum (and
``np.add.reduce``) is in general limited by directly adding each number
individually to the result causing rounding errors in every step.
However, often numpy will use a numerically better approach (partial
pairwise summation) leading to improved precision in many use-cases.
This improved precision is always provided when no ``axis`` is given.
When ``axis`` is given, it will depend on which axis is summed.
Technically, to provide the best speed possible, the improved precision
is only used when the summation is along the fast axis in memory.
Note that the exact precision may vary depending on other parameters.
In contrast to NumPy, Python's ``math.fsum`` function uses a slower but
more precise approach to summation.
Especially when summing a large number of lower precision floating point
numbers, such as ``float32``, numerical errors can become significant.
In such cases it can be advisable to use `dtype="float64"` to use a higher
precision for the output.
Examples
--------
>>> np.sum([0.5, 1.5])
2.0
>>> np.sum([0.5, 0.7, 0.2, 1.5], dtype=np.int32)
1
>>> np.sum([[0, 1], [0, 5]])
6
>>> np.sum([[0, 1], [0, 5]], axis=0)
array([0, 6])
>>> np.sum([[0, 1], [0, 5]], axis=1)
array([1, 5])
>>> np.sum([[0, 1], [np.nan, 5]], where=[False, True], axis=1)
array([1., 5.])
If the accumulator is too small, overflow occurs:
>>> np.ones(128, dtype=np.int8).sum(dtype=np.int8)
-128
You can also start the sum with a value other than zero:
>>> np.sum([10], initial=5)
15
"""
if isinstance(a, _gentype):
# 2018-02-25, 1.15.0
warnings.warn(
"Calling np.sum(generator) is deprecated, and in the future will give a different result. "
"Use np.sum(np.fromiter(generator)) or the python sum builtin instead.",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
res = _sum_(a)
if out is not None:
out[...] = res
return out
return res
return _wrapreduction(a, np.add, 'sum', axis, dtype, out, keepdims=keepdims,
initial=initial, where=where)
def _any_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_any_dispatcher)
def any(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue):
"""
Test whether any array element along a given axis evaluates to True.
Returns single boolean unless `axis` is not ``None``
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array or object that can be converted to an array.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
Axis or axes along which a logical OR reduction is performed.
The default (``axis=None``) is to perform a logical OR over all
the dimensions of the input array. `axis` may be negative, in
which case it counts from the last to the first axis.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
If this is a tuple of ints, a reduction is performed on multiple
axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternate output array in which to place the result. It must have
the same shape as the expected output and its type is preserved
(e.g., if it is of type float, then it will remain so, returning
1.0 for True and 0.0 for False, regardless of the type of `a`).
See `ufuncs-output-type` for more details.
keepdims : bool, optional
If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
passed through to the `any` method of sub-classes of
`ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the
sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
exceptions will be raised.
Returns
-------
any : bool or ndarray
A new boolean or `ndarray` is returned unless `out` is specified,
in which case a reference to `out` is returned.
See Also
--------
ndarray.any : equivalent method
all : Test whether all elements along a given axis evaluate to True.
Notes
-----
Not a Number (NaN), positive infinity and negative infinity evaluate
to `True` because these are not equal to zero.
Examples
--------
>>> np.any([[True, False], [True, True]])
True
>>> np.any([[True, False], [False, False]], axis=0)
array([ True, False])
>>> np.any([-1, 0, 5])
True
>>> np.any(np.nan)
True
>>> o=np.array(False)
>>> z=np.any([-1, 4, 5], out=o)
>>> z, o
(array(True), array(True))
>>> # Check now that z is a reference to o
>>> z is o
True
>>> id(z), id(o) # identity of z and o # doctest: +SKIP
(191614240, 191614240)
"""
return _wrapreduction(a, np.logical_or, 'any', axis, None, out, keepdims=keepdims)
def _all_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_all_dispatcher)
def all(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue):
"""
Test whether all array elements along a given axis evaluate to True.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array or object that can be converted to an array.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
Axis or axes along which a logical AND reduction is performed.
The default (``axis=None``) is to perform a logical AND over all
the dimensions of the input array. `axis` may be negative, in
which case it counts from the last to the first axis.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
If this is a tuple of ints, a reduction is performed on multiple
axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternate output array in which to place the result.
It must have the same shape as the expected output and its
type is preserved (e.g., if ``dtype(out)`` is float, the result
will consist of 0.0's and 1.0's). See `ufuncs-output-type` for more
details.
keepdims : bool, optional
If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
passed through to the `all` method of sub-classes of
`ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the
sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
exceptions will be raised.
Returns
-------
all : ndarray, bool
A new boolean or array is returned unless `out` is specified,
in which case a reference to `out` is returned.
See Also
--------
ndarray.all : equivalent method
any : Test whether any element along a given axis evaluates to True.
Notes
-----
Not a Number (NaN), positive infinity and negative infinity
evaluate to `True` because these are not equal to zero.
Examples
--------
>>> np.all([[True,False],[True,True]])
False
>>> np.all([[True,False],[True,True]], axis=0)
array([ True, False])
>>> np.all([-1, 4, 5])
True
>>> np.all([1.0, np.nan])
True
>>> o=np.array(False)
>>> z=np.all([-1, 4, 5], out=o)
>>> id(z), id(o), z
(28293632, 28293632, array(True)) # may vary
"""
return _wrapreduction(a, np.logical_and, 'all', axis, None, out, keepdims=keepdims)
def _cumsum_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_cumsum_dispatcher)
def cumsum(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
"""
Return the cumulative sum of the elements along a given axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
axis : int, optional
Axis along which the cumulative sum is computed. The default
(None) is to compute the cumsum over the flattened array.
dtype : dtype, optional
Type of the returned array and of the accumulator in which the
elements are summed. If `dtype` is not specified, it defaults
to the dtype of `a`, unless `a` has an integer dtype with a
precision less than that of the default platform integer. In
that case, the default platform integer is used.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must
have the same shape and buffer length as the expected output
but the type will be cast if necessary. See `ufuncs-output-type` for
more details.
Returns
-------
cumsum_along_axis : ndarray.
A new array holding the result is returned unless `out` is
specified, in which case a reference to `out` is returned. The
result has the same size as `a`, and the same shape as `a` if
`axis` is not None or `a` is a 1-d array.
See Also
--------
sum : Sum array elements.
trapz : Integration of array values using the composite trapezoidal rule.
diff : Calculate the n-th discrete difference along given axis.
Notes
-----
Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is
raised on overflow.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
>>> a
array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6]])
>>> np.cumsum(a)
array([ 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21])
>>> np.cumsum(a, dtype=float) # specifies type of output value(s)
array([ 1., 3., 6., 10., 15., 21.])
>>> np.cumsum(a,axis=0) # sum over rows for each of the 3 columns
array([[1, 2, 3],
[5, 7, 9]])
>>> np.cumsum(a,axis=1) # sum over columns for each of the 2 rows
array([[ 1, 3, 6],
[ 4, 9, 15]])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'cumsum', axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out)
def _ptp_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_ptp_dispatcher)
def ptp(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue):
"""
Range of values (maximum - minimum) along an axis.
The name of the function comes from the acronym for 'peak to peak'.
.. warning::
`ptp` preserves the data type of the array. This means the
return value for an input of signed integers with n bits
(e.g. `np.int8`, `np.int16`, etc) is also a signed integer
with n bits. In that case, peak-to-peak values greater than
``2**(n-1)-1`` will be returned as negative values. An example
with a work-around is shown below.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input values.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
Axis along which to find the peaks. By default, flatten the
array. `axis` may be negative, in
which case it counts from the last to the first axis.
.. versionadded:: 1.15.0
If this is a tuple of ints, a reduction is performed on multiple
axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
out : array_like
Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must
have the same shape and buffer length as the expected output,
but the type of the output values will be cast if necessary.
keepdims : bool, optional
If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
passed through to the `ptp` method of sub-classes of
`ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the
sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
exceptions will be raised.
Returns
-------
ptp : ndarray
A new array holding the result, unless `out` was
specified, in which case a reference to `out` is returned.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.array([[4, 9, 2, 10],
... [6, 9, 7, 12]])
>>> np.ptp(x, axis=1)
array([8, 6])
>>> np.ptp(x, axis=0)
array([2, 0, 5, 2])
>>> np.ptp(x)
10
This example shows that a negative value can be returned when
the input is an array of signed integers.
>>> y = np.array([[1, 127],
... [0, 127],
... [-1, 127],
... [-2, 127]], dtype=np.int8)
>>> np.ptp(y, axis=1)
array([ 126, 127, -128, -127], dtype=int8)
A work-around is to use the `view()` method to view the result as
unsigned integers with the same bit width:
>>> np.ptp(y, axis=1).view(np.uint8)
array([126, 127, 128, 129], dtype=uint8)
"""
kwargs = {}
if keepdims is not np._NoValue:
kwargs['keepdims'] = keepdims
if type(a) is not mu.ndarray:
try:
ptp = a.ptp
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
return ptp(axis=axis, out=out, **kwargs)
return _methods._ptp(a, axis=axis, out=out, **kwargs)
def _amax_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None, initial=None,
where=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_amax_dispatcher)
def amax(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue, initial=np._NoValue,
where=np._NoValue):
"""
Return the maximum of an array or maximum along an axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input data.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
Axis or axes along which to operate. By default, flattened input is
used.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
If this is a tuple of ints, the maximum is selected over multiple axes,
instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. Must
be of the same shape and buffer length as the expected output.
See `ufuncs-output-type` for more details.
keepdims : bool, optional
If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
passed through to the `amax` method of sub-classes of
`ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the
sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
exceptions will be raised.
initial : scalar, optional
The minimum value of an output element. Must be present to allow
computation on empty slice. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
.. versionadded:: 1.15.0
where : array_like of bool, optional
Elements to compare for the maximum. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce`
for details.
.. versionadded:: 1.17.0
Returns
-------
amax : ndarray or scalar
Maximum of `a`. If `axis` is None, the result is a scalar value.
If `axis` is given, the result is an array of dimension
``a.ndim - 1``.
See Also
--------
amin :
The minimum value of an array along a given axis, propagating any NaNs.
nanmax :
The maximum value of an array along a given axis, ignoring any NaNs.
maximum :
Element-wise maximum of two arrays, propagating any NaNs.
fmax :
Element-wise maximum of two arrays, ignoring any NaNs.
argmax :
Return the indices of the maximum values.
nanmin, minimum, fmin
Notes
-----
NaN values are propagated, that is if at least one item is NaN, the
corresponding max value will be NaN as well. To ignore NaN values
(MATLAB behavior), please use nanmax.
Don't use `amax` for element-wise comparison of 2 arrays; when
``a.shape[0]`` is 2, ``maximum(a[0], a[1])`` is faster than
``amax(a, axis=0)``.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.arange(4).reshape((2,2))
>>> a
array([[0, 1],
[2, 3]])
>>> np.amax(a) # Maximum of the flattened array
3
>>> np.amax(a, axis=0) # Maxima along the first axis
array([2, 3])
>>> np.amax(a, axis=1) # Maxima along the second axis
array([1, 3])
>>> np.amax(a, where=[False, True], initial=-1, axis=0)
array([-1, 3])
>>> b = np.arange(5, dtype=float)
>>> b[2] = np.NaN
>>> np.amax(b)
nan
>>> np.amax(b, where=~np.isnan(b), initial=-1)
4.0
>>> np.nanmax(b)
4.0
You can use an initial value to compute the maximum of an empty slice, or
to initialize it to a different value:
>>> np.max([[-50], [10]], axis=-1, initial=0)
array([ 0, 10])
Notice that the initial value is used as one of the elements for which the
maximum is determined, unlike for the default argument Python's max
function, which is only used for empty iterables.
>>> np.max([5], initial=6)
6
>>> max([5], default=6)
5
"""
return _wrapreduction(a, np.maximum, 'max', axis, None, out,
keepdims=keepdims, initial=initial, where=where)
def _amin_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None, initial=None,
where=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_amin_dispatcher)
def amin(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue, initial=np._NoValue,
where=np._NoValue):
"""
Return the minimum of an array or minimum along an axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input data.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
Axis or axes along which to operate. By default, flattened input is
used.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
If this is a tuple of ints, the minimum is selected over multiple axes,
instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. Must
be of the same shape and buffer length as the expected output.
See `ufuncs-output-type` for more details.
keepdims : bool, optional
If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
passed through to the `amin` method of sub-classes of
`ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the
sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
exceptions will be raised.
initial : scalar, optional
The maximum value of an output element. Must be present to allow
computation on empty slice. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
.. versionadded:: 1.15.0
where : array_like of bool, optional
Elements to compare for the minimum. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce`
for details.
.. versionadded:: 1.17.0
Returns
-------
amin : ndarray or scalar
Minimum of `a`. If `axis` is None, the result is a scalar value.
If `axis` is given, the result is an array of dimension
``a.ndim - 1``.
See Also
--------
amax :
The maximum value of an array along a given axis, propagating any NaNs.
nanmin :
The minimum value of an array along a given axis, ignoring any NaNs.
minimum :
Element-wise minimum of two arrays, propagating any NaNs.
fmin :
Element-wise minimum of two arrays, ignoring any NaNs.
argmin :
Return the indices of the minimum values.
nanmax, maximum, fmax
Notes
-----
NaN values are propagated, that is if at least one item is NaN, the
corresponding min value will be NaN as well. To ignore NaN values
(MATLAB behavior), please use nanmin.
Don't use `amin` for element-wise comparison of 2 arrays; when
``a.shape[0]`` is 2, ``minimum(a[0], a[1])`` is faster than
``amin(a, axis=0)``.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.arange(4).reshape((2,2))
>>> a
array([[0, 1],
[2, 3]])
>>> np.amin(a) # Minimum of the flattened array
0
>>> np.amin(a, axis=0) # Minima along the first axis
array([0, 1])
>>> np.amin(a, axis=1) # Minima along the second axis
array([0, 2])
>>> np.amin(a, where=[False, True], initial=10, axis=0)
array([10, 1])
>>> b = np.arange(5, dtype=float)
>>> b[2] = np.NaN
>>> np.amin(b)
nan
>>> np.amin(b, where=~np.isnan(b), initial=10)
0.0
>>> np.nanmin(b)
0.0
>>> np.min([[-50], [10]], axis=-1, initial=0)
array([-50, 0])
Notice that the initial value is used as one of the elements for which the
minimum is determined, unlike for the default argument Python's max
function, which is only used for empty iterables.
Notice that this isn't the same as Python's ``default`` argument.
>>> np.min([6], initial=5)
5
>>> min([6], default=5)
6
"""
return _wrapreduction(a, np.minimum, 'min', axis, None, out,
keepdims=keepdims, initial=initial, where=where)
def _alen_dispathcer(a):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_alen_dispathcer)
def alen(a):
"""
Return the length of the first dimension of the input array.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
Returns
-------
alen : int
Length of the first dimension of `a`.
See Also
--------
shape, size
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.zeros((7,4,5))
>>> a.shape[0]
7
>>> np.alen(a)
7
"""
# NumPy 1.18.0, 2019-08-02
warnings.warn(
"`np.alen` is deprecated, use `len` instead",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
try:
return len(a)
except TypeError:
return len(array(a, ndmin=1))
def _prod_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=None,
initial=None, where=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_prod_dispatcher)
def prod(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue,
initial=np._NoValue, where=np._NoValue):
"""
Return the product of array elements over a given axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input data.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
Axis or axes along which a product is performed. The default,
axis=None, will calculate the product of all the elements in the
input array. If axis is negative it counts from the last to the
first axis.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
If axis is a tuple of ints, a product is performed on all of the
axes specified in the tuple instead of a single axis or all the
axes as before.
dtype : dtype, optional
The type of the returned array, as well as of the accumulator in
which the elements are multiplied. The dtype of `a` is used by
default unless `a` has an integer dtype of less precision than the
default platform integer. In that case, if `a` is signed then the
platform integer is used while if `a` is unsigned then an unsigned
integer of the same precision as the platform integer is used.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
the same shape as the expected output, but the type of the output
values will be cast if necessary.
keepdims : bool, optional
If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the
result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result
will broadcast correctly against the input array.
If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
passed through to the `prod` method of sub-classes of
`ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the
sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
exceptions will be raised.
initial : scalar, optional
The starting value for this product. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
.. versionadded:: 1.15.0
where : array_like of bool, optional
Elements to include in the product. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
.. versionadded:: 1.17.0
Returns
-------
product_along_axis : ndarray, see `dtype` parameter above.
An array shaped as `a` but with the specified axis removed.
Returns a reference to `out` if specified.
See Also
--------
ndarray.prod : equivalent method
ufuncs-output-type
Notes
-----
Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is
raised on overflow. That means that, on a 32-bit platform:
>>> x = np.array([536870910, 536870910, 536870910, 536870910])
>>> np.prod(x)
16 # may vary
The product of an empty array is the neutral element 1:
>>> np.prod([])
1.0
Examples
--------
By default, calculate the product of all elements:
>>> np.prod([1.,2.])
2.0
Even when the input array is two-dimensional:
>>> np.prod([[1.,2.],[3.,4.]])
24.0
But we can also specify the axis over which to multiply:
>>> np.prod([[1.,2.],[3.,4.]], axis=1)
array([ 2., 12.])
Or select specific elements to include:
>>> np.prod([1., np.nan, 3.], where=[True, False, True])
3.0
If the type of `x` is unsigned, then the output type is
the unsigned platform integer:
>>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.uint8)
>>> np.prod(x).dtype == np.uint
True
If `x` is of a signed integer type, then the output type
is the default platform integer:
>>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.int8)
>>> np.prod(x).dtype == int
True
You can also start the product with a value other than one:
>>> np.prod([1, 2], initial=5)
10
"""
return _wrapreduction(a, np.multiply, 'prod', axis, dtype, out,
keepdims=keepdims, initial=initial, where=where)
def _cumprod_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_cumprod_dispatcher)
def cumprod(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
"""
Return the cumulative product of elements along a given axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
axis : int, optional
Axis along which the cumulative product is computed. By default
the input is flattened.
dtype : dtype, optional
Type of the returned array, as well as of the accumulator in which
the elements are multiplied. If *dtype* is not specified, it
defaults to the dtype of `a`, unless `a` has an integer dtype with
a precision less than that of the default platform integer. In
that case, the default platform integer is used instead.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must
have the same shape and buffer length as the expected output
but the type of the resulting values will be cast if necessary.
Returns
-------
cumprod : ndarray
A new array holding the result is returned unless `out` is
specified, in which case a reference to out is returned.
See Also
--------
ufuncs-output-type
Notes
-----
Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is
raised on overflow.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([1,2,3])
>>> np.cumprod(a) # intermediate results 1, 1*2
... # total product 1*2*3 = 6
array([1, 2, 6])
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
>>> np.cumprod(a, dtype=float) # specify type of output
array([ 1., 2., 6., 24., 120., 720.])
The cumulative product for each column (i.e., over the rows) of `a`:
>>> np.cumprod(a, axis=0)
array([[ 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 10, 18]])
The cumulative product for each row (i.e. over the columns) of `a`:
>>> np.cumprod(a,axis=1)
array([[ 1, 2, 6],
[ 4, 20, 120]])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'cumprod', axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out)
def _ndim_dispatcher(a):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_ndim_dispatcher)
def ndim(a):
"""
Return the number of dimensions of an array.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array. If it is not already an ndarray, a conversion is
attempted.
Returns
-------
number_of_dimensions : int
The number of dimensions in `a`. Scalars are zero-dimensional.
See Also
--------
ndarray.ndim : equivalent method
shape : dimensions of array
ndarray.shape : dimensions of array
Examples
--------
>>> np.ndim([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
2
>>> np.ndim(np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]))
2
>>> np.ndim(1)
0
"""
try:
return a.ndim
except AttributeError:
return asarray(a).ndim
def _size_dispatcher(a, axis=None):
return (a,)
@array_function_dispatch(_size_dispatcher)
def size(a, axis=None):
"""
Return the number of elements along a given axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input data.
axis : int, optional
Axis along which the elements are counted. By default, give
the total number of elements.
Returns
-------
element_count : int
Number of elements along the specified axis.
See Also
--------
shape : dimensions of array
ndarray.shape : dimensions of array
ndarray.size : number of elements in array
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
>>> np.size(a)
6
>>> np.size(a,1)
3
>>> np.size(a,0)
2
"""
if axis is None:
try:
return a.size
except AttributeError:
return asarray(a).size
else:
try:
return a.shape[axis]
except AttributeError:
return asarray(a).shape[axis]
def _around_dispatcher(a, decimals=None, out=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_around_dispatcher)
def around(a, decimals=0, out=None):
"""
Evenly round to the given number of decimals.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input data.
decimals : int, optional
Number of decimal places to round to (default: 0). If
decimals is negative, it specifies the number of positions to
the left of the decimal point.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
the same shape as the expected output, but the type of the output
values will be cast if necessary. See `ufuncs-output-type` for more
details.
Returns
-------
rounded_array : ndarray
An array of the same type as `a`, containing the rounded values.
Unless `out` was specified, a new array is created. A reference to
the result is returned.
The real and imaginary parts of complex numbers are rounded
separately. The result of rounding a float is a float.
See Also
--------
ndarray.round : equivalent method
ceil, fix, floor, rint, trunc
Notes
-----
For values exactly halfway between rounded decimal values, NumPy
rounds to the nearest even value. Thus 1.5 and 2.5 round to 2.0,
-0.5 and 0.5 round to 0.0, etc.
``np.around`` uses a fast but sometimes inexact algorithm to round
floating-point datatypes. For positive `decimals` it is equivalent to
``np.true_divide(np.rint(a * 10**decimals), 10**decimals)``, which has
error due to the inexact representation of decimal fractions in the IEEE
floating point standard [1]_ and errors introduced when scaling by powers
of ten. For instance, note the extra "1" in the following:
>>> np.round(56294995342131.5, 3)
56294995342131.51
If your goal is to print such values with a fixed number of decimals, it is
preferable to use numpy's float printing routines to limit the number of
printed decimals:
>>> np.format_float_positional(56294995342131.5, precision=3)
'56294995342131.5'
The float printing routines use an accurate but much more computationally
demanding algorithm to compute the number of digits after the decimal
point.
Alternatively, Python's builtin `round` function uses a more accurate
but slower algorithm for 64-bit floating point values:
>>> round(56294995342131.5, 3)
56294995342131.5
>>> np.round(16.055, 2), round(16.055, 2) # equals 16.0549999999999997
(16.06, 16.05)
References
----------
.. [1] "Lecture Notes on the Status of IEEE 754", William Kahan,
https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/ieee754status/IEEE754.PDF
.. [2] "How Futile are Mindless Assessments of
Roundoff in Floating-Point Computation?", William Kahan,
https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/Mindless.pdf
Examples
--------
>>> np.around([0.37, 1.64])
array([0., 2.])
>>> np.around([0.37, 1.64], decimals=1)
array([0.4, 1.6])
>>> np.around([.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5]) # rounds to nearest even value
array([0., 2., 2., 4., 4.])
>>> np.around([1,2,3,11], decimals=1) # ndarray of ints is returned
array([ 1, 2, 3, 11])
>>> np.around([1,2,3,11], decimals=-1)
array([ 0, 0, 0, 10])
"""
return _wrapfunc(a, 'round', decimals=decimals, out=out)
def _mean_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_mean_dispatcher)
def mean(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue):
"""
Compute the arithmetic mean along the specified axis.
Returns the average of the array elements. The average is taken over
the flattened array by default, otherwise over the specified axis.
`float64` intermediate and return values are used for integer inputs.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array containing numbers whose mean is desired. If `a` is not an
array, a conversion is attempted.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
Axis or axes along which the means are computed. The default is to
compute the mean of the flattened array.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
If this is a tuple of ints, a mean is performed over multiple axes,
instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
dtype : data-type, optional
Type to use in computing the mean. For integer inputs, the default
is `float64`; for floating point inputs, it is the same as the
input dtype.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternate output array in which to place the result. The default
is ``None``; if provided, it must have the same shape as the
expected output, but the type will be cast if necessary.
See `ufuncs-output-type` for more details.
keepdims : bool, optional
If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
passed through to the `mean` method of sub-classes of
`ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the
sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
exceptions will be raised.
Returns
-------
m : ndarray, see dtype parameter above
If `out=None`, returns a new array containing the mean values,
otherwise a reference to the output array is returned.
See Also
--------
average : Weighted average
std, var, nanmean, nanstd, nanvar
Notes
-----
The arithmetic mean is the sum of the elements along the axis divided
by the number of elements.
Note that for floating-point input, the mean is computed using the
same precision the input has. Depending on the input data, this can
cause the results to be inaccurate, especially for `float32` (see
example below). Specifying a higher-precision accumulator using the
`dtype` keyword can alleviate this issue.
By default, `float16` results are computed using `float32` intermediates
for extra precision.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> np.mean(a)
2.5
>>> np.mean(a, axis=0)
array([2., 3.])
>>> np.mean(a, axis=1)
array([1.5, 3.5])
In single precision, `mean` can be inaccurate:
>>> a = np.zeros((2, 512*512), dtype=np.float32)
>>> a[0, :] = 1.0
>>> a[1, :] = 0.1
>>> np.mean(a)
0.54999924
Computing the mean in float64 is more accurate:
>>> np.mean(a, dtype=np.float64)
0.55000000074505806 # may vary
"""
kwargs = {}
if keepdims is not np._NoValue:
kwargs['keepdims'] = keepdims
if type(a) is not mu.ndarray:
try:
mean = a.mean
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
return mean(axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, **kwargs)
return _methods._mean(a, axis=axis, dtype=dtype,
out=out, **kwargs)
def _std_dispatcher(
a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=None, keepdims=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_std_dispatcher)
def std(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=np._NoValue):
"""
Compute the standard deviation along the specified axis.
Returns the standard deviation, a measure of the spread of a distribution,
of the array elements. The standard deviation is computed for the
flattened array by default, otherwise over the specified axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Calculate the standard deviation of these values.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
Axis or axes along which the standard deviation is computed. The
default is to compute the standard deviation of the flattened array.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
If this is a tuple of ints, a standard deviation is performed over
multiple axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
dtype : dtype, optional
Type to use in computing the standard deviation. For arrays of
integer type the default is float64, for arrays of float types it is
the same as the array type.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
the same shape as the expected output but the type (of the calculated
values) will be cast if necessary.
ddof : int, optional
Means Delta Degrees of Freedom. The divisor used in calculations
is ``N - ddof``, where ``N`` represents the number of elements.
By default `ddof` is zero.
keepdims : bool, optional
If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
passed through to the `std` method of sub-classes of
`ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the
sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
exceptions will be raised.
Returns
-------
standard_deviation : ndarray, see dtype parameter above.
If `out` is None, return a new array containing the standard deviation,
otherwise return a reference to the output array.
See Also
--------
var, mean, nanmean, nanstd, nanvar
ufuncs-output-type
Notes
-----
The standard deviation is the square root of the average of the squared
deviations from the mean, i.e., ``std = sqrt(mean(abs(x - x.mean())**2))``.
The average squared deviation is normally calculated as
``x.sum() / N``, where ``N = len(x)``. If, however, `ddof` is specified,
the divisor ``N - ddof`` is used instead. In standard statistical
practice, ``ddof=1`` provides an unbiased estimator of the variance
of the infinite population. ``ddof=0`` provides a maximum likelihood
estimate of the variance for normally distributed variables. The
standard deviation computed in this function is the square root of
the estimated variance, so even with ``ddof=1``, it will not be an
unbiased estimate of the standard deviation per se.
Note that, for complex numbers, `std` takes the absolute
value before squaring, so that the result is always real and nonnegative.
For floating-point input, the *std* is computed using the same
precision the input has. Depending on the input data, this can cause
the results to be inaccurate, especially for float32 (see example below).
Specifying a higher-accuracy accumulator using the `dtype` keyword can
alleviate this issue.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> np.std(a)
1.1180339887498949 # may vary
>>> np.std(a, axis=0)
array([1., 1.])
>>> np.std(a, axis=1)
array([0.5, 0.5])
In single precision, std() can be inaccurate:
>>> a = np.zeros((2, 512*512), dtype=np.float32)
>>> a[0, :] = 1.0
>>> a[1, :] = 0.1
>>> np.std(a)
0.45000005
Computing the standard deviation in float64 is more accurate:
>>> np.std(a, dtype=np.float64)
0.44999999925494177 # may vary
"""
kwargs = {}
if keepdims is not np._NoValue:
kwargs['keepdims'] = keepdims
if type(a) is not mu.ndarray:
try:
std = a.std
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
return std(axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof, **kwargs)
return _methods._std(a, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof,
**kwargs)
def _var_dispatcher(
a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=None, keepdims=None):
return (a, out)
@array_function_dispatch(_var_dispatcher)
def var(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=np._NoValue):
"""
Compute the variance along the specified axis.
Returns the variance of the array elements, a measure of the spread of a
distribution. The variance is computed for the flattened array by
default, otherwise over the specified axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array containing numbers whose variance is desired. If `a` is not an
array, a conversion is attempted.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
Axis or axes along which the variance is computed. The default is to
compute the variance of the flattened array.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
If this is a tuple of ints, a variance is performed over multiple axes,
instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
dtype : data-type, optional
Type to use in computing the variance. For arrays of integer type
the default is `float64`; for arrays of float types it is the same as
the array type.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternate output array in which to place the result. It must have
the same shape as the expected output, but the type is cast if
necessary.
ddof : int, optional
"Delta Degrees of Freedom": the divisor used in the calculation is
``N - ddof``, where ``N`` represents the number of elements. By
default `ddof` is zero.
keepdims : bool, optional
If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
passed through to the `var` method of sub-classes of
`ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the
sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
exceptions will be raised.
Returns
-------
variance : ndarray, see dtype parameter above
If ``out=None``, returns a new array containing the variance;
otherwise, a reference to the output array is returned.
See Also
--------
std, mean, nanmean, nanstd, nanvar
ufuncs-output-type
Notes
-----
The variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean,
i.e., ``var = mean(abs(x - x.mean())**2)``.
The mean is normally calculated as ``x.sum() / N``, where ``N = len(x)``.
If, however, `ddof` is specified, the divisor ``N - ddof`` is used
instead. In standard statistical practice, ``ddof=1`` provides an
unbiased estimator of the variance of a hypothetical infinite population.
``ddof=0`` provides a maximum likelihood estimate of the variance for
normally distributed variables.
Note that for complex numbers, the absolute value is taken before
squaring, so that the result is always real and nonnegative.
For floating-point input, the variance is computed using the same
precision the input has. Depending on the input data, this can cause
the results to be inaccurate, especially for `float32` (see example
below). Specifying a higher-accuracy accumulator using the ``dtype``
keyword can alleviate this issue.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> np.var(a)
1.25
>>> np.var(a, axis=0)
array([1., 1.])
>>> np.var(a, axis=1)
array([0.25, 0.25])
In single precision, var() can be inaccurate:
>>> a = np.zeros((2, 512*512), dtype=np.float32)
>>> a[0, :] = 1.0
>>> a[1, :] = 0.1
>>> np.var(a)
0.20250003
Computing the variance in float64 is more accurate:
>>> np.var(a, dtype=np.float64)
0.20249999932944759 # may vary
>>> ((1-0.55)**2 + (0.1-0.55)**2)/2
0.2025
"""
kwargs = {}
if keepdims is not np._NoValue:
kwargs['keepdims'] = keepdims
if type(a) is not mu.ndarray:
try:
var = a.var
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
return var(axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof, **kwargs)
return _methods._var(a, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof,
**kwargs)
# Aliases of other functions. These have their own definitions only so that
# they can have unique docstrings.
@array_function_dispatch(_around_dispatcher)
def round_(a, decimals=0, out=None):
"""
Round an array to the given number of decimals.
See Also
--------
around : equivalent function; see for details.
"""
return around(a, decimals=decimals, out=out)
@array_function_dispatch(_prod_dispatcher, verify=False)
def product(*args, **kwargs):
"""
Return the product of array elements over a given axis.
See Also
--------
prod : equivalent function; see for details.
"""
return prod(*args, **kwargs)
@array_function_dispatch(_cumprod_dispatcher, verify=False)
def cumproduct(*args, **kwargs):
"""
Return the cumulative product over the given axis.
See Also
--------
cumprod : equivalent function; see for details.
"""
return cumprod(*args, **kwargs)
@array_function_dispatch(_any_dispatcher, verify=False)
def sometrue(*args, **kwargs):
"""
Check whether some values are true.
Refer to `any` for full documentation.
See Also
--------
any : equivalent function; see for details.
"""
return any(*args, **kwargs)
@array_function_dispatch(_all_dispatcher, verify=False)
def alltrue(*args, **kwargs):
"""
Check if all elements of input array are true.
See Also
--------
numpy.all : Equivalent function; see for details.
"""
return all(*args, **kwargs)
Reference in a new issue Copy permalink